A View From A Bridge Essay Example for Free

A View From A B disengagege Es advanceHow does Arthur Millers portrayal of attitudes to family and law in spite of appearance A View From A Bridge cause conflict throughout the whole of the adopt? By Francesca Jastrzebska A View From A Bridge is the story of a Sicilian family, who are trying to make a better life for themselves in America. Throughout the play Arthur Miller shows his portrayal of attitudes to family and law by basing the characters on real life people / Storys he has been told by friends and family. By focusing on the different characters I will explore a image of issues such as moments of conflict mingled with the characters in the play and the consequence the characters actions let on every iodin else. As Eddie views are the ones that cause the most conflict in the play I will start with him. The first conflict in the play is in the first act when Eddie comes linchpin from work and Catherine is wearing a new skirt and has her hair done differently. Eddie notices and asks her were she is going all dressed up Where you goin all dressed up? Catherine leads Eddie over to the armchair in a agreeable kind of way and sits him down. As she sits on her heels Eddie makes a comment about her skirt being to short. I think its too short, aint it. This creates tenseness between the both of them. The tension builds as she argues with him over the skirt and Louis who she was waving to from the window. The skirt and high heels represent the fact that Catherine is growing up and is becoming more feminine. The cause of this tension is the fact that Catherine is growing up and there is nothing Eddie can do to stop her.Later on when the Carbone family are sitting down for dinner Beatrice and Catherine say they have some good news to tell Eddie. Catherine has a job. Eddie however does not think of this as good news as she will be earning her own money and it is a job of her choice. It is another thing that shows that Catherine is growing up. He beli eves that growing up would involve her moving away and coming back home less and less. Whats the high heels for Garbo?.. Do you me a favour will you? Go ahead. This I believe is the next scene that causes tension between Catherine and Eddie.When Eddie says this it makes Catherine untune and angry that Eddie could make her feel so small in front of the new residents of da house. She perplexs up giving Eddie a cold look consequently goes back to what she was doing. Eddie does this to show that he is the man of the house and the people living in it must follow his instructions and commands. When Catherine and Eddie come back late from the cinema, Eddie is foreign waiting for them to come home. Beatrice comes out and talks to him about Catherine and Rodolfos relationship.She calls him jealous but trys to cover up the fact that she thinks that it is true she smiles jokingly. (Smiling) Ah, go on, youre just jealous. This causes tension between the husband and wife, as Beatrice beli eves that its time for Catherine to grow up and she cant do that with Eddie standing over her also that it is her life and if she is making a erroneousness its her mistake and she needs to learn from it. Later on Beatrice admits that Catherine and Rodolfos relationship is not her only worry. When am I going to be a wife again, Eddie? Eddie says its because he hasnt been signature well and that the brothers, Marco and Rodolfo, being here bothers him. Beatrice argues that they have only been there for a couple of weeks and hes been like he has for three months. The stage direction before he answers shows that he doesnt want to actually no what is troubling her, as it might make him look less of a man. The next part in the play that causes conflict is when Eddie starts showing Rodolfo how to box. This makes Marco feel uneasy.As Catherine come back into the room eddies tells Rodolfo that he is going to hit him Now Im going to hit you, so occlusion me, see this alarms Catherine seeing the two men in her life that she loves boxing. Eddie punches Rodolfo and he staggers. Marco is the only one that knows eddies hidden agenda. Rodolfo then shows that he may not of been the furthermost one to throw a punch but he still got Catherine by dancing with her. Marco then shows Eddie that he is stronger by lifting up the chair with his one hand. This creates tension by themAct 2 is the final act were all the characters are involved in upsetting Eddie which leaves him with only one solution, to get rid of the brothers. Act two starts with Catherine and Rodolfo talking about getting married and going to live in Italy. Rodolfo believes that living there they will be poor and that they would have a better life in America. How can I bring you from a rich country to suffer in a poor country. They afterward go into the bedrooms. Unfortunately for them Eddie comes home drunk. Catherine hears him shouting and comes out adjusting her dress.Eddies thinks nothing of it at first but then Rodolfo come out and stands behind her in the doorway. Eddie goes imbalanced and starts shouting at Rodolfo to get out. The causes conflict because Eddie loves Catherine and doesnt want her to be with another man, especially Rodolfo as he makes dresses, cooks and sings. Eddie believes he goes against all the male roles and is too feminine. As Eddie is shouting at Rodolfo Catherine decides it time to grow up and tells Eddie she is leaving. She tells him shes not going to be a baby anymore and he pulls her close and kisses her while she tries to get free of his grip.Rodolfo gets involved and tells Eddie to get off of her and show some respect. This makes Eddie angry, as he should be telling them what to do and that they should show respect. When Marco is trying to get adhesiveness he has to promise not to hurt Eddie if he gets out. Marco says in his country Eddie would be dead by now in my country he would be dead now, he would not live this long Hes talking about the Sicilian way of life, the laws of Omerta. Promising not to kill Eddie would be dishonourable. Marco finally promises Alfieri, ashamed, that he wont touch Eddie. When Marco turns up at eddies house he is shouting his boot.Eddie believes that he has come to apologies and give his good name back. Now give me my name and we go together to the wedding. This ends in a fight between Eddie and Marco and Eddie dies. Throughout the play Arthur miller shoes his portrayal of laws and family throughout the characters actions. Each character represents something, for precedent Eddie represents an over protective father and Catherine represents a little girl. They cause conflict because as Catherine grows up Eddie needs to change his ways of controlling Catherine, as she is not little anymore and can make her own choices and decisions.

Cash Flows Essay Example for Free

notes Flows EssayThe statement of cash flows reports the cash receipts, cash payments, and net change in cash resulting from operating, investing, and financing activities during a level (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 614). Companies are required to prepare a statement of cash flow because it contains important information about the company that deems useful for external sources, such as investors, to make educated decisions about a company. The information contained in the cash flow, such as the companys ability to generate cash and jar against obligations, assists creditors and investors to determine the adequate decision regarding extending credit or investing. The statement of cash flows is divided into three sections Operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities (Weygandt, et al, 2010). Each of these sections have think over their own characteristics of transactions and other events. First, operating activities include transactions that creat e revenues and expenses these are included in the determination of net income (Weygandt, et al, 2010).Second, investing activities has two purposes includes the eruditeness and disposing of investments and property, plant, and equipment, and lending money and collecting the loans (Weygandt, et al, 2010). Third, financing activities include two purposes obtaining cash from issuing debt and repaying the amounts borrowed, and obtaining cash from stockholders, repurchasing shares, and paying dividends (Weygandt, et al, 2010, p. 615). Operating activities, which include income statement items are Cash inflows from sale of goods and services, and from interest received from dividends received Cash outflows to suppliers for inventory, employees for services, and others for expenses (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 616). Investing activities investments and long-term assets Cash inflows from sale of property, plant, and equipment, and collections on loans to other entities Cash outf lows to purchase property, plant, and equipment, purchase investments in debt, and making loans to other entities (Weygandt,Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 616). Financing activities involves long-term liabilities and stockholders equity Cash inflows from sale of common stock, and from issuance of long-term debt Cash outflows to stockholders as dividends, and to redeem long-term debt or reacquire capital stock (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 616).ReferencesWeygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2010). Financial accounting (7th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Benefits Of Using Gis In Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Benefits Of Using Gis In Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay self-coloured bollocks focus involves a number of stages starting from the choice of sites for landfill, gathering, transportation and disposal of the significantity ache. Both economic and environmental planners are concerned with the move up of cost effective and environmentally friendly organizations for fast(a) wastefulness counseling. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a dick that can provide spacial and non spatial discip disceptation for urban home naturalise and guidance. This wall musical composition foc practice sessions on the application of GIS as a plan and selective teaching collection tool in hale Waste Management and analyses to what extent GIS is creation employ in solid waste pick offment by the local authorities in Mauritius and withal identifies the barriers to the neat use of GIS in this sector. A GIS poseur for the Grand Port-Savanne soil Council (GPSVDC) a loc al authority in Mauritius is produced utilize ArcGIS software and this can be use as a finis support tool in planning waste collection and disposal.The Republic of Mauritius is a small island developing state (SIDS), set(p) at 800 km off the East coast of Madagascar at longitude 58 East and latitude 20 South in the Indian Ocean with a total surface area of 1870 km. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of Cargados Carajos, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. The main island of Mauritius has a population of around 1.28 million inhabitants. The rapid industrialization and urbanisation during the past decade harbour led to changing production and consumption patterns that continue to present new demands for natural resources and create new waste streams. It is judge that solid waste produced in Mauritius is about 380,000 tons a year (or 1,200 tons per day) and is expected to reach 418,000 tonnes in 2014. The present strategy of disposing wastesat thelandfill and/or downing sites will in the long-run be no longer sustainable or appropriate with the rapid increase in waste generation, sc runity of appropriate landfill sites and the density of human settlement. The development of an integrated solid waste management strategy is among the priorities identified in the National Environmental Strategies to reduce proximo costs from environment degradation. Governments policy is to promote waste reduction, minimize its generation, encourage the adoption of environmentally sound methods of resource recovery and modernize the institutional and jural framework for the entire logistical chain collection, storage, transfer and disposal and introduce a cost recovery mechanism.There has been awareness regarding waste management amongst many countries. There has been development of new technologies for improving the waste management clays. GIS is unity of the new technologies which have contributed a lot in very less clock span to t he waste management society. (Moiz Ahmed Shaikh, 2006)This paper analyses the benefits of victimisation GIS as a tool in solid waste management and makes an assessment of how far GIS is being used by the local authorities in Mauritius and identifies the barriers to the use of GIS in solid waste management in Mauritius. A GIS model for the Grand Port-Savanne territorial dominion Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius is produced using ArcGIS software and this can be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal.SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MAURITIUSSolid Waste Management in Mauritius falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of local Government and Outer Islands. The main island of Mauritius has five municipal Councils namely (i) Port Louis, (ii) Beau Bassin/Rose Hill, (iii) Quatre Bornes , (iv) Vacoas/Phoenix and (v) Curepipe. There are also four partition Councils namely (i) Pamplemousses/Rivire du Rempart, (ii) Moka-Flacq, (iii) Grand Por t-Savanne and (iv) B wishing River. Solid waste collection and disposal is undertaken by these local authorities in areas under their jurisdiction and is addicted of at the Mare Chicose landfill via a ne iirk of transfer stations situated in St Martin, Roche Bois, Poudre DOr and La Brasserie. Waste collection and disposal is also carried out by private companies on contract basis. The only landfill on the island is at Mare Chicose which is managed by a private contractor. With the increase in waste production the animateness span of the landfill is going on decreasing and soon in that location will be a need to increase the capacity of the landfill or to find some other locality to set up a second landfill.The daily management of waste collection and disposal activities is carried out by officers of the Health Department of the Municipal Councils and the District Councils.1.3 What is GIS?GIS is a computing device outline for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulati ng, analyzing and displaying information related to positions on the Earths surface. Typically, a Geographical Information System is used for handling maps of one manakin or another. These might be represented as several different layers where each layer holds info about a particular kind of feature. each(prenominal) feature is linked to a position on the graphical image on a map and a record in an attribute table. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize info in many shipway that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your information in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information constitution framework.1.4 Uses of GIS in Solid Waste ManagementSolid waste management comprises several phases, starting from the stage where the waste is generated till it reac hes its final destination or at a stage where it is no much a threat to the environment. It is observed that solid waste management can be bifurcated into mainly two phases. One is the waste management in the area where it is generated and second is the management of waste at dumping grounds. (Moiz Ahmed Shaikh, 2006). The development of Geographic Information System (GIS) and its use by means ofout the world has contributed a lot in improving waste management systems. GIS helps to manipulate info in the computer to simulate alternatives and to take the near effective decisions. GIS can add value to waste management applications by providing outputs for decision support and compendium in a wide spectrum of projects such as route planning for waste collection, site selection exercises for transfer stations, landfills or waste collection points. GIS provides a flexible platform which integrates and analyses maps and waste management databases.GIS allows us to create and store as many layers of data or maps as we want and provides various possibilities to integrate tremendous amounts of data and map overlays into a undivided output to aid in decision making (Chang et al. 1997).The changing production and consumption patterns have caused a rise in the volume of solid waste putting considerable pressure on Governments in dealing with the increased waste generation. It implies that local authorities will require huge capital investments and operational strategies for collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste. Delimiting factors such as limited financial resources have made it imperative to replace existing ad hoc methods employed in solid waste management and planning (Vijay et al. 2008).Sarptas et al. (2005) studied the use GIS in solid waste management in coastal areas as a decision support system with a case breeding on landfill site selection. The results of the deliberate are that GIS is becoming a powerful tool in SWM. except there are still some drawbacks and deficiencies in applying the method extensively. For example, it is not applied in solid waste generation studies because large fluctuations in solid waste generation by time and space and the dynamic disposition of urban areas generate several difficulties in determining the current solid waste generation patterns. In the early period of GIS technology, from the 1980s to the early 1990s, GIS software was capable of executing only basic geographicalal operations. These capabilities of GIS software limited the drug user to only basic tasks such as exclusion and allowed them to determine only alternative landfill sites in landfill siting applications. Advances in information technology and increasing access to computer systems by decision makers have improved the reclaimableness of computer models and computer aided technologies in DSS in the last decade. One of the typical examples is the SWM systems. The GIS models do not only support the decision proced ure but also facilitate the communication and mutual understanding surrounded by decision maker and the people, because the implications of a SWM fast affects the society. However, the basic limitations in the use of GIS in SWM is the data availability. Because, especially in developing countries the available data are very scarce and access to the data is very poor and tiring. In addition, the existing data are not reliable, not collected, stored and disseminated systematically. More comprehensive researches and more efforts on data gathering to assemble the needs of GIS models are recommended.Since routing models make extensive use of spatial data, GIS can provide effective handling, displaying and manipulation of such geographical and spatial information. For example, Ghose et al. (2006) proposed a model for the system of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collection that provides planning for distribution of collection bins, load balancing of vehicles and generation of optimal rout ing based on GIS. check to Reddy et al. (2007), traditional and static entreees are no longer adequate for analyzing network flows and conducting minimum cost routing. Reddy et al. attempted to develop a decision support system for generating an optimum route for solid waste disposal in Hyderabad City and hence to reduce the distance ran by the collection vehicle using GIS. GIS tool provides an effective decision support by dint of its database management capabilities, graphical user interfaces and cartographic visualization. The system developed by Reddy et al. used the Network Analyst staff available in Arcview, which is a path-finding program used to model the movement of resources between two points or more.Chatila (2008) developed a GIS system for natural resources management and recycle of solid waste in the village of Marjeyoun in Southern Lebanon. A GIS map was prepared to serve as a zone management plan along with an environmental assessment that identifies cumulative pr essures and impacts of some human activities on the village and the environment. A recycling program was developed based on solid waste sampling and analysis of collection systems.In a study carried out by Bergeron et al. (2010), 3D visualization and GIS were used to produce a digital city model for the Star City, West Virginia to allow giving medication officials and managers to manage assets and perform day-to-day operations, develop sustainable planning initiatives, and management of solid waste assets and facilities, planning for solid waste and recycling facilities and drop-offs, mapping and planning efficient waste hauler routes and identifying issues such a underserved populations and illegal dumping. However, building and using a GIS requires expert knowledge, and can often foil such systems from being used to their full capability by local officials. In addition, local government is often comprised of mature citizens who are committed to serving their community but may b e wary of new technologies that are unfamiliar to them.1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe aim of this paper is to analyse the extent to which GIS is being used in waste management by the local authorities in Mauritius, to identify barriers to proper use of GIS in solid waste management and to assess to what extent GIS affects sustainable waste management as a decision support tool in planning waste collection, recycling, waste segregation and disposal in order to create cost-effective systems. Finally a model will be proposed for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius using ArcGIS software that could be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal. The model produced will be used to store information regarding the existing collection routes, land use data, population data etc and data regarding the volume of waste produced. Based on these information decisions appropriate decisions can be taken to improve the existing sol id waste management system and also predictions can be made for future plans.Hence, in short the aims of this project are mainly as followsTo identify to what extent GIS is being used in waste management in Mauritius.To identify barriers to proper use of GIS in waste management.To assess to what extent GIS affects sustainable waste management as a decision support tool in planning waste collection, recycling, waste segregation and disposalTo run out a case study for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius in order to produce a database for decision making.The paper will also carry out a literature study of some examples of GIS work for waste management. The study will include a discussion and a critical analysis of the models. The analysis of these studies will allow us to learn about the usefulness of GIS as a tool is solid waste waste management and these may be developed for Mauritius in the context of creating an Integrated Solid Waste Ma nagement Plan.Further to literature review, a number of hypotheses have been designed and have been described brieflyGIS and Social DevelopmentH1 There is a significant link between GIS and Social Development.H0 There is no significant link between GIS and Social Development.GIS and stinting DevelopmentH1 There is a significant link between GIS and Economic Development.H0 There is no significant link between GIS and Economic Development.GIS and Environmental DevelopmentH1 There is a significant link between GIS and Environmental Development.H0 There is no significant link between GIS and Environmental Development.To discover these aims, a logical step has been carried out to complete this project. The structure of the research gives an idea of the issues covered in this project.1.6 MethodologyIn order to analyse the usual waste management situation in the local authorities (Municipalities and District Councils) in Mauritius, a scientific approach was implemented to gather primary information which comprises of different steps. These steps are as follows shade 1 The target group was identified. 30 officers working in the Local Authorities were interviewed. Alongside, a questionnaire vide appendix 1, was designed to retrieve information from the respondents.Step 2 The 30 officers were interviewed and the questionnaire was used as a guide to ensure proper flow of questions. However, much dialect was put in open ended questions so as to get maximum information concerning their point of view relating to the present waste management system.Step 3 The data collected was analyzed using SPSS and Excel whereby results were shown on a initial instance in terms of descriptive statistics being line charts, bar charts and in terms inferential statistics being correlation, cross tabulation.Step 4 A list of recommendations and suggestions are given regarding the use of GIS in solid waste management in Mauritius and how they it can help in sustainable waste management. As well as, what can be done to mitigate the barriers that prevent the proper use of GIS.Chapter 2GIS Model Analysis2.1 Model 1This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, A case study of enkindle savings through with(predicate) optimisation of MSW transportation routes written by Gilberto Tavares, Zdena Zsigraiova, Viriato Semiao, Maria da Graa Carvalho create in 2008 in the Journal Management of Environmental Quality, Volume 19 Issue 4.At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work.2.1.1 Waste management background in Cape VerdeThis study has been carried out for Cape Verde where the demographic growth, tourism and other economic activities are putting enormous pressure on government. There is still evident lack of development plans, the existing waste management being rather poor and characterized by inefficient collection systems. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008)Besides, the negative impact of untreated waste on public health and on public concern, which focused the attention of engineers and scientists on the quest for waste management solutions viewing the prevention of unwanted environmental effects, deliverance plays also an important role on this activity. In fact, collection and transportation of waste can absorb as much as 75 per centime of the municipalities MSWM budget that are usually the institutions responsible for such activities. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008)One of the heavy costs present in MSWM systems is the fuel price and its consumption is inevitably associated with undesired pollutants emissions. Therefore, the minimisation of fuel consumption to perform waste collection and transportation to its treatment or final disposal brings enormous savings and environmental benefits.2.1.2 GIS approachThe methodology used comprised of three phases.Phase 1 The model of the terrain and the thoroughfare networkA 3D model of the entire island of Santo Antao, Cape Verde was produced based on a digitised map provided in CAD files . The 3D model is generated as polylines based on contour lines that reflect the actual relief of the terrain. Using ArcGIS 3D Analyst, the 3D road network is then generated from both the 2D road network and the terrain model complying with the road gradients. This methodology makes possible the generation of road networks in the appropriate form allowing for the calculation of all inclinations of each road segment, which permits to determine the fuel consumption for both road directions (uphill and downhill). The 3D digital model and the road network obtained allows the large variability of the relief to be observed.Phase 2 Calculation of actual fuel consumptionFuel consumption during waste collection and transportation is influenced by the travelled distance and by the actual operation conditions of a given vehicle. These effects are incorporated in the model through the methodology established by Ntziachristos and Samaras (2000) in COPERT, which is a computer programme to calcul ate emissions from transport vehicles on road. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008)Besides considering specific vehicle parameters, the methodology also takes into account different driving conditions, namely the type of the driving situation, the vehicle load and the road gradient. The gradient of a road increases, when positive, or decreases, when negative, the resistance of a vehicle to traction. Therefore, and because of their large masses, the power employed during the driving is the decisive parameter for the fuel consumption. Once calculated, the fuel consumption value for each route arc is stored in the spatial data base to be used later during the route solver procedure that searches for the route with minimum fuel consumption.Phase 3 Optimisation of vehicle routingThe efficiency of a management system that is able to solve problems related to vehicles circulation in road networks can be measured through its capacity to obtain optimised routes. For a system of MSW transportation, this consists of generating an optimal route for a given vehicle so that the value of the selected cost criterion is minimised.For the calculation of the optimal routing, the model used herein makes recourse to ESRIs programs ArcGIS, ArcInfo and Network Analyst extension, and it finds the minimum defined impedance path through a network. In order to equal solutions and clarify the potential of the present methodology, the routes are optimised regarding either the lowest fuel consumption or the shortest distance.FindingsThe findings of the study showed that the optimisation for the lowest fuel consumption yields 52 per cent savings in fuel, when compared to that for the shortest distance, even travelling a 34 percent longer distance, which shows the importance of considering simultaneously the relief of the territory and the lowest fuel consumption criterion when optimising vehicle routes.2.1.3 Critical viewsWith such a supporting decision tool savings in fuel are huge, the efficiency o f management systems is improved and the environmental impact during daily operation is reduced. The GIS 3D route modelling takes into account the effects of both the road inclination and the vehicle load. The originality of the work lies in the chosen approach. To optimize vehicle routes the criterion of minimum fuel consumption rather than the commonly used shortest distance is used, since fuel consumption is the factor reflecting actual costs relative to MSW management.2.2 Model 2This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, A GIS Approach to Waste Management and Recycling in New York State. write by Ghaly, Ashraf and published in 2009 in the journal Proceedings of the International Conference on Waste Technology Management, p1140-1150.At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work.2.2.1 Purpose of the studySolid waste and recycling programs requires management of large databases including collection data, transfer, treat, disposal, export, impor t, and future planning. The body of information involved in the decision making process is too challenging to effectively mange due to the many components it contains. A GIS approach takes advantage of the spatial nature of data presentation to illustrate the areas of strength in the system and to identify the areas in need for improvement. Such a system is not only useful to managers and state officials but it also is easier for the public to comprehend and appreciate. GIS also makes it easier to measure success and detect trends, which netly help improve the system to better manage collection, sorting, and recycling facilities. (Ghaly A., 2009)The existing recycling programs are put in place to reduce the use of virgin materials from forests, energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and water system pollution. These programs ultimate goal is to promote conservation and to encourage the members of the public to be active participants in this effort. This paper uses GIS to demonstrate, using maps, the current state of waste management and recycling efforts, future plans, and methods of measuring successacross geographic boundaries. The paper concludes that a spatially-based management systemoffers advantages, which makes it superior to non-spatial systems.Data CollectionThis paper uses data published by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) for all the counties in the state to study the efficiency of the existing recycling programs and to find ways to optimize the use of landfills. This analysis is done for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), industrial waste, demolition and construction debris, and for waste exported out of the state to neighboring spousal relationship East states.For better management of solid waste in the state of New York, the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) maintains a comprehensive database on waste composition, pattern of waste generation, and methods of disposal. The success of this oper ation depends on the quality and accuracy of data collected. This data helps in the decision making process regarding the transfer and processing of solid waste, disposal, import/export, recycling, and in making plans for the future.To contribute to these efforts, the Northeast Recycling Council (NERC) developed an Environmental Benefits Calculator which generates estimates of the environmental benefits based on the tonnages of recycled materials. Environmental benefits poetic rhythm involves quantifyingthe reduction in use of virgin materials from forests, oil supplies, and mines reduction in energyconsumption reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and the reduction of water pollution, and conservation of natural resources. These are all goals that DEC is interested in increasing awareness for.Waste management and recycling are impacted by economic and political factors. These factors add a layer of complexity to the data collection process. Some of the concerns related to t hese issues are solid waste migration of recyclables across geographic boundaries, which involve dealing with regulations of various agencies and governments. In addition, the diversity and variety of recyclable materials add to the difficulty of compliance with required transportation methods across boundary lines. cardinal Phase PlanThe DEC developed ambitious plans for data collection and analysis. This plan is made of fourphasesPhase 1 Fill in data gaps by enforcing reporting requirements researching recyclables data available from transfer or disposal facilities and seeking voluntary data from non-regulated recyclers.Phase 2 Validate/improve data by using metrics to compare data from Planning Units and facilities auditing a sampling of annual reports include data source checks at facility inspections and investment funds in electronic reporting mechanisms.Phase 3 Develop State policies to improve recycling by updating regulations to foster increased recycling using permit con ditions to promote best practices involving State agencies/facilities and incorporating these ideas into the State SWM Plan.Phase 4 defecate with Planning Units to grow recycling by establishing more recycling metrics reestablishing State promotion of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) targeting higher recovery for paper and organics and targeting outreach toward specific sectors such as government agencies, schools, and food service.Role of GIS in NYS PlanData is the substance and soul of waste management analysis and future planning. In complying with their reporting requirements, the enormous number of facilities involved in waste management and recycling in NYS delivers tremendous amount of data. With its spatial nature as shown in the above maps, GIS can add a visual dimension to data that is otherwise too complex to comprehend. With more emphasis placed on enhancing reporting to comply with regulations, the bulk of the collected data is expected to increase and become more ela borate. It is believed that GIS with its sensitive spatial techniques can help in the analysis phase and in the decision making process as well.Critical viewsA spatially-based geographic information system (GIS) for data management and analysis seems to be more capable of handling enormous amount of data similar to the volume collected by New York States Department of Environmental Conservation on solid waste and recycling activities in the state. With the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) aiming at improving reporting and analysis for better management, GIS can offer the tool necessary to accomplish these tasks with efficiency and ease.Based on this model, GIS can be used to collect data in respect of the type and volume of recyclable materials around the island of Mauritius. We can thus better plan the collection of recyclable wastes.2.3 Model 3This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, GIS Application in Coordinating Solid Waste Collection The Case of Sinza Neighbourhood in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Written by Alphonce Kyessi and capital of Seychelles Mwakalinga and published in 2009 in the journal FIG Working Week 2009.At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work.In this paper Alphonce Kyessi used GIS in ROUTING EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION IN SINZA A NEIGHBOURHOOD IN DAR ES SALAAM.6.1 localisationSinza A is one of five residential neighbourhoods of Sinza ward in Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam. Accommodation about 5,000 people, the neighbourhood is located about 12 kilometres from the Dar es Salaam city centre. The Kinondoni Municipal Council had contracted private companies and civil societies organisations in the collection of solid waste in residential neighbourhoods. Kimangele Company Limited is one of those private contractors.The routing system for Kimangele Company was studied in detail to assess the solid waste collection efficiency as shown in Figure 5 and 6.Figure 5 Location of Sinza A area for Kimangele ContractorSource Mwakalinga, 2005Kimangele plies from house to house to establish a solid waste collection system known as bring system in Sinza A. The bring system is done in big catchment areas i.e. above 50 metres in radius.Waste generation and collectionSinza A consisted of 876 households (Mwakalinga, 2005). Generally the area generates about 14.5 tonnes of waste per day. The waste composes of plastics, tins, organic food waste, packaging materials, clothes, metals and bottles.Out of the waste generated, the contractor collects 8.4 tonnes from households. The rest most 5.1 tonnes (47.7%) of waste are collected by informal collectors (using wooden carts) to designated collection centres. The rest (about 1 tonne) is haphazardly dumped in rivers, on roads sides, burnt or buried.About 160 households are not members of house to house collection service they prefer using the informal collectors instead of the contractors trucks. When interviewed, these households complained of ineffective collection system by the Contractor. One of the given reasons was that the truck was not following the rout as agreed. Others households said the collection charge of TShs. 2000/= per household was too high. They were ready to commit only TShs. 500/= per house regardless the number households in the house.Figure 6 Collection Systems as applied by Kimangele Company in Sinza ASource Mwakalinga, 2005When the Contractor was interviewed in 2005, he replied that, out of 716 households he was serving only 70% paid the refuse collection charges (Mwakalinga, 2005).According to Figure 8 below, there are some areas where the truck drives twice creating overlaps. Normally, a truck stands at a pick-up point, about 50 meters from the other. In other circumstances, the distance is more than 50 metres, and as a result more waiting time by the truck is needed indicating that the whole system of waste collection was foiled.Work Or ganisationThe collection frequency by Kimangele was done twice a week i.e. Wednesdays and Saturdays. The service starts at 6.30 am to 5.30pm. The truck was making two trips on each day due to the amount of waste generated and the ability of the truck to carry the waste. The route for the first trip starts at Superstar area and ends at Kivulini through Sam Nujoma road to Mtoni kwa Kabuma dump site, about 30 kilometres away (see Figure 7). The route for the second trip passes through Morogoro road via Shekilango road the first point in this trip is Super Star Street ending at caf Latino Street. Thereafter the route enters Sam Nujoma road to the main dump site, Mtoni kwa Kabuma.Figure 7 Existing Route for Kimangele Company in Sinza A Neighbourhood6.4

Social Work Observation Report

Social Work Observation ReportThis essay will demonstrate a clear ground of what the fond work role is by reflecting on my bottoming experience and using this experience to provide a view of the differences amid accessible work and tender cargon.On October the 11th I was suitable to shadow a favorable player on the sensory attend tos team in Gloucestershire, whilst shadowing I was able to observe the societal role player on two home visits. The initiatory visit required the gathering of in bringation from a carer to fill turn place a Carers Emergency Scheme plan. The wink visit involved the completion of a Carers Assessment.Explain the role of the social player observed, the difference in the social work role to that of a care roleThe role of my social worker was to assess the needs of the service users and excessively the needs of their carers. She was also able to give them some equipment such as a day light lamp to enhance the ability to read, however, I was info rmed by the social worker that she was in a different position than most social workers and that the ability to provide specialised equipment is an unusual opportunity for social workers.The role of a carer would contrast from this as a carer would deplete been able to support them with practical help.Skills for Care (2010) stated that Social care work is about helping people with their lives. People who have physical or psychological problems often require practical help coping with the everyday business of life. Social care provides this practical care. (cited in Trevithick, 2012). IFSW (20069) depicts that The verge social workers mends to those workers trained to asses and respond to people with complex personal and social needs. It is a protected title and can only be used to refer to those who are qualified and registered and hold a social work qualification recognised by the General Social Care Council (GSCC) Social workers carry out a variety of tasks, including casework, acting as an advocate, risk assessment and working as a care manager. As a profession, social work promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. (cited in Trevithick, 2012).These two definitions show a clear contrast amidst social care and social work but there is an evident overlap with the two roles, however, the professional accountability and legal requirements of a social worker implies a high importance that these two roles have clear distinctions.Where possible in spots gained into service users and carers experience/perceptions of the service provided by the agencyAt the end of the first visit the lady was unclear on what a she was supposed to do so my social worker sat back down and explained to her that she had nothing to do and that she had nothing to worry about, this comment was repeated by the service user but I believe that this made the service user relax.On my second visit the hu man beings that is caring for his wife got his calendar out to fix a date for the social worker to visit again, he told my social worker that he was busy on the day that she wanted to visit but said he would cancel his plans as he would much rather front her, I found this comment heart-warming. On this visit my social worker was able to provide the lady with a day light lamp to aid her sight when reading, I believe this was a good experience for the service user as she seemed very impressed with the lamp and read us her paper without the use of her magnifying glass. The gentleman also comment a few times about my social worker filling in the forms for him and that he would look at the next form but would wait and let her fill it in whilst she read out the questions, I think this showed that he had confidence in the ability of that social worker and that he trusted her.Discussion points raised about the work of the agency, its legislative and policy contextWhen I spoke to the social worker about legislations and policies I was informed that this was a hard question to answer as there are numerous legislations that have to be consider when working for the sensory team, reciting them in all would not be possible. I was told that the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 was one that could be remembered and then I was offered a printed written matter of their policy that related to assessments. According to Horner (2006) the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 sought to change the balance of care with four cay directions which gave the local authorities the responsibility to make plans to meet the needs identified in partnership with user and carers and to assess the needs of those requesting care. Davis (2012) states within the guide to self-aggrandizing assessment in Gloucestershire that people are put at the middle of the decision making with self-directed support, this allows choice and control over services that are received and who provides it. The carers assessment section seems relevant to my shadowing experience as this is what I observed, this section comments on the opportunity for the carer to give their perspective about the service user, approaching the identification and management of risk positively, procedures of safe guarding are explained and followed if this is an issue, establishing if support is available and would be maintained and an encourage discussion for carers to have a Carers ineluctably Assessment.Outline how the experience links to the Professional Capabilities Framework and Standards of ProficiencyThe social work reform board developed the professional capabilities framework (PCF) to provide foundations for social work education and to support development after qualification. The PCF sets out the capabilities required, at every stage of career, for social workers in England (The college of social work). Social work knowledge, appreciation and abilities are set out within t he standards of proficiency, which was developed by the health and care council alongside the professional liaison group. In addition to this the PCF and the standards of proficiency both describe the expectations of social workers when they reach the end of their training and start practising (Health and care professions council). The shadowing experience links to the PCF as it allowed me to gain a better understanding of the social work role it also enhanced my ability to communicate on a professional level with emails and face to face conversations. This experience would also link to the standards of proficiency due to the knowledge and understanding gained by observing a qualified social worker.ConclusionThere are important differences between social work and social care and it is of high importance that these differences are not overlooked.Service usersPolicies and legislations used within an agency seem complex and numerous however, the policies of a particular area allow thes e complications to be simplifiedPCF and standards of proficiency have many immeasurably positive links to the experience and opportunity to shadow a social worker.

Analysing factors influencing customer satisfaction

Analysing factors influencing node felicityFor this study, literature review will be establish on several(prenominal) theoretical images such as discusses the kindred amid, comprehend tincture, comprehend value, node expectation and corpo place image that affects the node expiation.2.1 node satisfactionThe increase in technology has imposed erratic operators to provide guests with new features in their connection so that save existing guests. The relationship amidst proceeds tonicity and perceived value should be freely brought to a focus by the portion provider in curiosity with satisfaction. node satisfaction is at that place in general, judgement after using a return for a stage set a time. Different factors have different influence on nodes, these factors should be taken in order to account while making a strategy for guest satisfaction Heejin(2006). Heejin Lim A1 and Archana Kumar A2http//inderscience.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=p bentbackto=issue,4,8journal,11,39linkingpublication moderates,1110880,1The most common interpretations obtained from various authors reflect the judgement that satisfaction is a feeling which results from a process of evaluating what has been received against what was expected, including the purchase decision itself and the needs and wants associated with the purchase (Armstrong Kotler, 1996). Bitner Zeithaml (2003) stated that satisfaction is the customers evaluation of a harvesting or service in destinations of whether that product or service has met their needs and expectations. According to Boselie, Hesselink, and Wiele (2002) satisfaction is a commanding, affective state resulting from the appraisal of on the whole aspects of a partys working relationship with a nonher. The definition provided by Boselie et al. (2002) has been intentiond for this study.( article02_JanApr2009 )IntroductionIn each company, customers be the most classic element and argon undeniable to be handled and managed properly. The customers are satisfied when their expectations are fulfilled and delighted when their expectations are exceeded. Contented customers remain loyal buy more than(prenominal) are less untoughened and speak positively about the company (Brown et al., 1992). Customer satisfaction normally indicates customer response to the state of fulfillment, and customer opinion of the fulfilled condition (Oliver, 1997). Kotler (1997) defines customer satisfaction as enjoyment is a persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance (or outcome) in relation to his or her expectations. tardily the concept of customer satisfaction has received much attention. happiness whitethorn be defined as a consumers post-purchase evaluation of a product or service (Zeithaml Bitner, 2003). In the past, many businesses took their customers for granted.Brown, T.J., Churchill, G.A. Peter, J.P. (1992). Improving the me asurement of service persona School of Business, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Oliver, C. (1997). Sustainable competitive advantage Combining institutional and resource- found views. Strategic counselling Journal, 18(9), 697-713.Kotler, P. (1997). Marketing management Analysis, planning, implementation, and control. New Jersey Prentice Hall.Ziethaml, V.A. Bitner, M.J. (2003). assistants securities industrying Integrating customer focus across the firm. Boston, MA McGraw-Hill.In the business when debating factors for service provider fibre of service, customer value and customer satisfaction are becoming of the essence(p). That is why laid-back service reference should be focused for great user faithfulness to achieve higher customer satisfaction and to profit exceptional competitive advantage, keep for the future customer satisfaction the operator should not disregard reliability and assurance because there is a positive effect of reliability, pledge, and network qualit y on their satisfaction (Hing-Po 2002). Yonggui Wang, Hing-Po Lo, (2002) Service quality, customer satisfaction and behaviour intentions Evidence from Chinas telecommunication industry, info, Vol. 4 Iss 6, pp.50 60Whereas both service quality and customer satisfaction have certain things in common, satisfaction is widely viewed as a broader concept than service quality consideration thus perceived service quality is a component of customer satisfaction (Zeithaml and Bitner, 1996).Attempts to understand customer satisfaction structure have produced several important insights. For example, disinformation and perceived quality were found to affect customer satisfaction more than expectations (Churchill and Surprenant, 1982) and expectancy-disinformation (Oliver and DeSarbo, 1988 Yi, 1990). Anderson and Sullivan (1993) also showed satisfaction to be a division of disinformation and perceived quality.Accordingly, customer satisfaction programs were praised as important implements that can increase profits by averting customers from deserting (Reichheld and Sasser, 1990).Customer satisfaction commonly considered as customer reaction to the state of gratification and customer mind of the performed state (Oliver, 1997).Customer satisfaction is totally anxious with the services provided to and perceived by the customers, if there is high similar between perceived and provided services than the customer satisfaction take is very high that considerly leads to high customer verity for diligent service providers (MSP) and the opposite. There are many benefits for a firm from a high customer satisfaction take, they imprison a high trade place share and capable of keep and maintain it a essential and core policy of every business that heightens customer loyalty and prevents customer switching costs, increases customer price endurance, reduces marketing cost (Fornell, 1992).Customer satisfactionThe index indicates how much customers are satisfied and how well their expectations are met. This construct evaluates boilersuit satisfaction level of customers, fulfillment of their expectations, and companys performance versus the ideal provider.Customer satisfactionSeveral studies have shown that it costs about five times to gain a new customer as it does to keep an existing customer (Naumann, 1995) and these results into more interest in customer relationships. Thus, several companies are adopting customer satisfaction as their operational intent with a carefully intentional manakin. Hill and Alexander (2000) wrote in their book that companies now have big investment in database marketing, relationship management and customer planning to move closer to their customers. Jones and Sasser (1995) wrote that achieving customer satisfaction is the main goal for most service firms today.Increasing customer satisfaction has been shown to directly affect companies market share, which leads to improved profits, positive recommendation, lower marketing exp enditures (Reichheld, 1996 Heskett et al., 1997), and greatly violation the corporate image and survival (Pizam and Ellis, 1999).Studies that supported the notion that expectations precede satisfaction include Anderson, Fornell and Lehmann (1994), who conducted investigation on Swedish firms and reported that there is a positive and significant relationship between expectations and customer satisfaction.DefinitionCustomer satisfaction as a process is defined as an evaluation between what was received and what was expected (Oliver, 1977, 1981 Olson and Dover, 1979 Tse and Wilton, 1988), emphasizing the perceptual, evaluative and psychological processes that contribute to customer satisfaction (Vavra, 1997, p. 4).Parker and Mathews (2001) however famed that the process of satisfaction definitions concentrates on the antecedents to satisfaction rather than satisfaction itself.Satisfaction as a process is the most widely adopted description of customer satisfaction and a lot of resear ch efforts have been directed at understanding the process approach of satisfaction evaluations (Parker and Mathews, 2001). This approach has its origin in the variate theory (Porter, 1961), which argued that satisfaction is determined by the perception of a difference between some standard and actual performance.Customer satisfaction to some organizations is a key to success the reason here is to check the ability of their product to satisfy as much customers as they can, so that they can be the market leaders in their field. Many organizations followed the strategy of customer satisfaction and became the living legends e.g. Coke, Nestle, Shell Petroleum, Nokia, Sony and the list goes on and on. both company mentioned here are an trailblazer and a market leader in any one or two of their products.Customer Satisfaction in TelecommunicationsThe academic literature on customer satisfaction in telecommunications is relatively scattered and primarily concerned with mobile telecommuni cations customers (Woo and Fock 1999 Lee ct al. 2001). In particular, Woo and Fock (1999) examined the behavior of mobile telecommunication customers in Hong Kong. Transmission quality and network coverage were found to be the most important factors driving customer satisfaction in their study giving, therefore, high antecedency to product functionality in assessing the satisfaction of individual customers. In a similar vein, Lee et al. (2001) have examined the interaction between customer satisfaction, switching costs and loyalty behavior in mobile telecommunications in France. Schul and Schiff (1993), studying the satisfaction function of telecommunications customers in Israel, examined the fix of different research strategies on customer satisfaction ratings. That is, they examined the usurpation of placing the question of general customer satisfaction either at the beginning or at the end of the customer satisfaction questionnaire. It was found that placing the overall custo mer satisfaction question at the end of the questionnaire increases the correlation between the partial satisfaction coefficients and the overall customer satisfaction ratings.The current literature, however, addresses specific aspects of telecommunications but docs not provide an overall understanding of the dynamics of customer satisfaction. In a series of articles Finkelman et al. (1992a, 1992b) sought to address the problem of how customer satisfaction systems should be designed on behalf of telecommunications providers. They propose customer satisfaction measures focusing on experience from sales, installation, product usage, repair, and billing. All different aspects of customer-provider contacts require a customer satisfaction framework that will facilitate the selection of unbiased customer opinion about their experience with the telecommunication operator. This research, along side the consulting contributions of Gale (1994) are among the first public somatic concerning th e transaction-specific customer satisfaction measurement in telecommunications.( )2.2 perceived qualityIn recent years, there was the growing importance of service quality and customer satisfaction in business and academia alike. Sureshchandar et al, (2003) and determined that the balance of power between service quality and customer satisfaction with an emphasis on these two constructs is the concept differs from the view of customers.According to customer perception Kim et al, 2004) perceived quality depends on the combination of experience, word of mouth and the future intuition of quality of the mobile service. Every mobile customer requires best quality accordingly. Since companies are going on continuous improvement in quality through the latest technology, installing dearly-won equipments, trying to improve call clarity and coverage.It is also observed that customer satisfaction is as well dependent on perceived quality and has the positive role towards the dependent. Simi larly, user loyalty equally important has the stronger link with user satisfaction. Hence, proper care should be taken while formulating any long term policy for customer satisfaction. At last for building, customer satisfaction is a main determinant (Serkan 2005).Perceived quality is the limit up to which the product or service provided the necessary needs of users with more satisfaction.They were seen consumer expectations and services to be main precedents for the perceived service quality Measures the quality of service that focuses on a mannikin of such physical aspects, reliability and speed of response, and to ensure sympathy (Parasuraman et al, 1985).(Zeithaml and Bitner, 1996) said both service quality and customer satisfaction has convinced things in common, satisfaction is generally observed as a broader concept than service quality assessment thus, perceived service quality is a component of customer satisfaction.Service quality was defined as the difference between the dimensions in customers perceived service and expectations of service (Parasuraman et al., 1988).Service quality is usually defined as the customers belief of the relativeinferiority/superiority of a service provider and its services (Bitner and Hubert,1994) and is a lot considered similar to the customers overall attitude towards the company (Parasuraman et al., 1988 Zeithaml, 1988 Bitner, 1990).Perceived service quality (Parasuraman et al., 1985, 1988). Gronroos (1982) suggests that the consumers expectations are also influenced by marketing activities, external influences and word-of-mouth. He identifies two types of service quality technical, related to what the customer gets from a service and functional, associated with how the service is delivered.Perceived quality is the served markets evaluation of recent spending experience. This construct evaluates customization and reliability of a given product or service. Customization is the degree to which a product or service me ets a customers requirements, and reliability is the degree to which rms offering is reliable, standardized, and free from decencies.PQ is expected to have a positive effect on PV and customer satisfaction (Fornell et al., 1996), and to be positively affected by image (Andreassen and Lindestad, 1998).SERVICE QUALITYAn new(prenominal) factor that contributes to satisfaction is service quality. Service quality is defined as the difference between customer expectations and perceptions of service or as the customers satisfaction or dissatisfaction formed by their experience of purchase and use of the service (Gronroos, 1984 and Parasuraman et al.1988).Oliver (1993) reported that service quality is a casual antecedent of customer satisfaction, due to the fact that service quality is viewed at transactional level and satisfaction is viewed to be an attitude. Dabholkar et al. (1996) and Zeithaml et al. (1996) reported that the service quality divisions are related to overall service qualit y and or customer satisfaction. Fornell et al., (1996) expressed that satisfaction is a consequence of service quality. Hurley and Estelami (1998) argued that there is causal relationship between service quality and satisfaction, and that the perceptions of service quality affect the feelings of satisfaction.Pizam and Ellis (1999) stated that the gap that may exist between the customers expected and perceived service quality is a vital determinant of customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and not just only a measure of the quality of the service.Previous studies on mobile telecommunication services, mensurable services quality by call quality, pricing structure, mobile devices, value-added services, convenience in procedures, and customer support (Kim, 2000 Gerpott et al., 2001 Lee, Lee, Freick, 2001).Perceived quality is measured through three questions overall quality, reliability, and the consummation to which a product or service meets the customers needs.Satisfaction Measu rement Perceived Quality MeasuresPerceived quality is often measured through three measures overall quality, perceived reliability, and the extent to which a product or service meets the customers needs. Customer perceptions of quality are the single superlative predictor of customer satisfaction.2.3 perceived valueAccording to Heinonen (2004) defined perceived value as the consumers overall assessment of the usefulness of a product based on perceptions on what is received and what is given. Companies are able to increase customer satisfaction by creating customer value through a lot of mean such as providing customers with the comparative net value, the effectiveness, efficiency, and differentiation of services, which can be delivered via logistics (Langley Holcomb 1992). Both time and place of service delivery are indicated to be important dimensions of customer perceived value, and when or where the service is delivered should be determined by consumers rather than by companie s.Perceived value is related to the price extent of mobile services. Because all the businesses in the world are done for profit so investment in mobile industry is also for some advantage in terms of profits. So those gratify the basic and awaited customer value companies do not have to put so much effort into what they are doing (Gunnar Malin, 2006). On the assumption, that everyone in the world is seeking his/her benefits so customers are also expecting benefits in terms of values. Intentions to adopt or reject a mobile service seem to be determined to a greater degree by perceived benefits than by a perceived limit (Ancker et al, 2003). As MSPs are investing a lot but still there are much badly in the real and perceived value of the customers, latest survey by Barnhoorn (2006) show that although there is progress but still perceived value from the telecom players has the lowest achieve, this is risen from 71% in 2005 to 76% in 2006. However, how and to which extent MSPs are ch arging their customers and give the value to the customers. MSPs have to increase the switching cost in order to increase natural life customer value and customer retention by implementing relationship-oriented marketing strategies (Hankel et al, 2006). As the companies give high value to customers in terms of charges than a satisfaction level gets high that leads to customer loyalty.The impact of value on customer satisfaction is studied by Cottet, Lichtl, and Plichon (2006). By adopting the definition suggested by Holbrook (1996, 1999), they defined customer perceived value as an interactive, prejudiced and relative experience. Results of their research reveal that both utilitarian and hedonic values are positively related with customer satisfaction, and further, hedonic value is suggested to be more important for customer satisfaction than a utilitarian value.PV Perceived value is measured through two questions overall price given quality and overall quality given price. Althoug h perceived value is of great importance for the (first) purchase decision, it usually has somewhat less impact on satisfaction and repeat purchase.Satisfaction Measurement Perceived Value MeasuresPerceived value may conceptually refer to the overall price divided by quality or the overall quality divided by price. Perceived value is measured in many ways including overall evaluation of value, expectations of price that would be gainful, and more fuddled methodologies including the Van Westendorp pricing analysis, and conjoint analysis (other Qualtrics white papers and tutorials are available on these topics).Perceived valuePV is the perceived level of product quality relative to the price paid by customers. PV is the rating of the price paid for the quality perceived and a rating of the quality perceived for the price paid (Fornell et al., 1996). PV structure provides an opportunity for comparison of the rms according their price-value ratio (Anderson et al., 1994). In the CSI-TM PS amaze, PV is expected to be positively affected by PQ, and it has a positive impact on satisfaction.Perceived value is defined as the results or benefits customers receive in relation to total costs (which include the price paid plus other costs associated with the purchase) or the consumers overall assessment of what is received relative to what is given (Holbrook,1994 and Zeithaml, 1988).Additionally, Zeithaml (1988) found out that customers who perceive that they receive value for money are more satisfied than customers who do not perceive they receive value for money.Several studies have shown that perceived value is significant determinant of customer satisfaction (Anderson et al. (1994) Ravald and Gronroos (1996) and McDougall and Levesque, 2000). Turel and Serenko (2006) in their investigation of mobile services in Canada suggested that the degree of perceived value is a key factor affecting customer satisfaction.Past research studies suggested that there are four feature s, which are key drivers of the customer value of cellular services network quality, price, customer care, and face-to-face benefits (Booz, Allen Hamilton, 1995, Danaher Rust, 1996 Bolton, 1998 Gerpott, 1998 Wilfert, 1999).The network quality refers to excellent indoor(a) and outdoor coverage, voice clarity, and no connection breakdowns.Price refers to what is paid to obtain access to use the network.Customer care refers to the quality of the information exchanged between customer and supplier or network provider in response to enquiries and other activities initiated by the network provider, for example presentation of invoices.Personal benefits refer to the level of perception of the benefits of mobile communications services by individual customers.It is apparent from this review that one of the factors customers use to determine satisfaction level is the benefits received from a product or service in comparison with what is spent. Perceived value is not a focus of this study (however customer satisfaction evaluation captures perceived value the assessment shows what consumers value in the service received). The suggested mobile services attributes (features) will be used to assess customer satisfaction in this study.2.4 Customer ExpectationExpectations are the consequences of previous experience with the companys products. This erected appraises customer expectations for overall quality, for product and service quality, and for fulllment of personal needs. Customer expectations construct is anticipated to have a direct and positive relationship with customer satisfaction (Anderson et al., 1994).Customer expectationsExpectations are the results of prior experience with the companys products. This construct evaluates customer expectations for overall quality, for product and service quality, and for fulfillment of personal needs. Customer expectations construct is expected to have a direct and positive relationship with customer satisfaction (Anderson et al., 1994). In the ACSI and ECSI, it is assumed that customer expectations have a direct effect on perceived value.Customer ExpectationsExpectations combine customers experiences with a product or service and information about it via media, advertising, salespersons, and word-of-mouth from, other customers. Customer expectations influence the evaluation of quality and forecast (from. customers pre-purchase perspective) how well the product or service will perform.2.5 Corporate motion-picture showThe image constructed appraises the funda noetic image of the company. find out applied to the brand name, and the type of association customers get from the product/company (Andreassen and Lindestad, 1998). Martensen et al. (2000) indicates that image is an important component of the customer satisfaction model. For the companies, image is a result of being reliable, professional and inventive, having contributions to society, and adding good reputation to its user. It is expected that im age has a positive effect on customer expectations, customer satisfaction and loyalty.Corporate ImageThe image constructs evaluates the fundamental image of the company. Image refers to the brand name and the kind of association customers get from the product or service /company (Andreassen and Lindestad, 1998). Martensen et al. (2000) indicates that image is an important component of the customer satisfaction model. For the companies, image is a result of being reliable, qualified and innovative, having contributions to society, and adding reputation to its customers. It is expected that image has a positive effect on customer satisfaction.Corporate imageAndreassen and Lindestad (1998) posit that corporate image, through a filtering effect, impacts a customers evaluation of service quality, value, and satisfaction. In other words, corporate image creates a halo effect on customer satisfaction. In this study, a cumulative or relational level measure reflecting a customers overall im pression and mental picture of the firm represents corporate image (Bloemer et al., 1998 Zimmer and Golden, 1988). Consumers who develop a positive mental schema of a brand will tend toward high customer satisfaction through a halo effect where all things associated with the brand are similarly valence. As such ( corporate image )H 5 . Corporate image has a significant, positive effect on customer satisfaction.Corporate image is a result of a customers overall consumption experiences (Nguyen and Leblanc, 2001). The same mechanism is available for overall satisfaction. Since customer satisfaction and corporate image measures are collected simultaneously, customers consumption experiences, which can be summarized as satisfaction, naturally affect the evaluations of corporate image (Johnson et al., 2001). For this reason, it is proposed that satisfaction positively affects corporate image in Turkish customer satisfaction index model. (National customer)Concerning the role emotions p lay in customer evaluations, there is the indication shows that customer satisfaction is influenced by both perceptive and affective constituents (Homburg et al., 2006 Liljander and Strandvik, 1997 Westbrook and Oliver, 1991). In fact, recently there has been growing interest in studying the affective nature of satisfaction (Smith and Bolton, 2002 Zeelenberg and Pieters, 2004). Emotions experienced by individuals may leave affective follow in their memory associated with their experience with the service, and these people may admission them when judging their satisfaction level (MacInnis and de Mello, 2005). As emotions predict satisfaction, the positive and negative emotions experienced by customers after complaint handling will impact their level of satisfaction with the service (Liljander and Strandvik, 1997 Mano and Oliver, 1993 Szymanski and Henard, 2001 Westbrook and Oliver, 1991). Consumer behavior literature defends a valence congruent relationship between emotions and satis faction (Dube and Menon, 2000),The CSI model is a structural model based on the assumptions that customer satisfaction is caused by some factors such as perceived quality (PQ), perceived value (PV), expectations of customers, and image of a firm. These factors are the antecedents of overall customer satisfaction.one of the more commonly cited definitions is that supplied by Zeithaml (1988 14), who defined value as the consumers overall assessment of the utility of a product based on perceptions of what is received and what is given. This view posits perceived value as a uni-dimensional construct that can be measured simply by asking respondents to rate the value that they received in making their purchases.Woodruff (1997 142) defined perceived value asa customers perceived preference for an evaluation of those product attributes, attribute performances, and consequences arising from use that facilitate (or block) achieving the customers goals and purposes in use situations.Woodruff, R.B. (1997) Customer Value The Next Source for Competitive Advantage,Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 25(2) 139-53.Holbrooks typology of perceived value Holbrook (1994 22, 1996 138, 1999 5) defined perceived value as an interactive relativistic preference experience.Customers determine satisfaction level of any purchased service by the perceptions of quality received.The American Customer Satisfaction ModelAccording to the model, there exists a positive association between perceived customer expectations (PE) and perceived quality (PQ), perceived value (PV) and satisfaction. Canada.H 1 . Service quality has a significant, positive effect on customer satisfaction.In addition to the studies above, Fornell et al., (1996) report that the top two determinants of customer satisfaction are perceived quality and perceived value. Thus, the second hypothesis isH 2. Perceived value has a significant, positive effect on customer satisfaction.

Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe Essay -- Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe E

Daniel Defoes Robinson CrusoeThe balance between agency and the challenges to it proposed by unexplained or supernatural occurrences is of central importance in Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe. Additionally, the question of human control over various surroundings seemingly develops commensurate to the title characters increased reliance on and understanding of his faith. That particular conflict is a replication of the overall theme of the narrative Crusoes finding increasing discomfort the more familiar he be tallys with his environment. For Defoe, then, familiarity is nothing if not problematic. Crusoes at times prosperous (and later at least tolerable and regimented) routine is interrupted at almost continual intervals throughout the text, raising issues of the importance of temporality and ultimately the role of individual hegemony in the surrounding world, whether that world is England, Brazil, the lonely island or the ship that leaves Crusoe there. The underlying rationali ty for Crusoes suffering, and one to which he continually refers and bemoans, is his filial disobedience. This defiance is treated by Defoe as a representation of Adams fall, especially since he opens the narrative in the fashion of Genesis, focusing on Crusoes beginnings as a way to contextualize his later dire straits. By defying his father, Crusoe initiates the chaos that will come to define most of his adult life abideing a physical and spiritual disembarkation from England and the relative safety it represents. During his time in Brazil as a plantation owner, Crusoe foreshadows a later paradox that futile are attempts to reinvent civilization after rejecting a preexisting model such as the father, whether that of devotion or family... .... Perhaps, then, Crusoe is not an exception to the supernatural like Poll and the vision of a minatory figure, much of Crusoes success on the island goes unexplained in terms of so-called normality. Poll, who is transplanted mysteriou sly across the island, is a smaller version of Crusoe, and the language he is able to speak mirrors that of Crusoe early during his captivity. By the same account, the black figure who comes to kill Crusoe but refrains from doing so is representative of a later Crusoe, who hedges between killing and sparing new human inhabitants on the island. As primary(prenominal) as is Crusoes transformation from a figure around whom the supernatural operates to the embodiment of its prophecies, however, equally vital to the narrative is merely the fact that Crusoe has the agency to undergo that change despite constant challenges to temporal structure.

Proces art Essay -- Essays Papers

Proces artIn mid 20th century, the art world completely changed into a new way of expressing motifs. Many artists began to have a bun in the oven for different ideas and styles. It started in the 1960s and 1970s, as many artists attempted to free art from the art marketsa system in which works of art become commodities to be bought and sell or held as a financial investment (Lucie-Smith 220). They wanted to create art that would be too short-lived to be sold. To them the beauty of their work is the exhibit of it. This includes the Earthworks artists Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer, Walter De Maria, and Nancy Holt, not only they were interest in the puzzle out of making it, also intrigued by how the forces of nature could be incorporated in a work of art. As the technology become more advance these artists chose to move their work outdoor. Instead of brushes or pencils, they used bulldozers and other machinery to move earth into giant sculptural forms(). They believed that everyth ing on this world is a part of a process. According to philosopher Alfred North Whitehead, every real-life object may be understood as a similarly constructed series of events and processes (Donald, 852). They began to see the importance of forces of nature and the process of their work. Earthworks artists has been developed in many ways, such as the processing idea and social influences, the subject matter, and the style. These artists were influenced by the idea of process, when Whitehead introduces the notion of an actual occasion. According to his view, an actual occasion is not an enduring substance, but a process of becoming (Donald 852). This influenced the entailing of process, and the notion that erstwhile(prenominal) things falling apart are far more interesting than building it. As we see in Smithsons work Spiral Jetty (1970), which made a giant coil of earth, rock, and salt crystals extending outward from the shore of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. He left it vulnerable to the natural forces of rain, wind, and erosion. To him, time of his work is so important that is one of his most important mediums (Flam XIX). He also mentions the idea of entropy. In nature green plants use light energy from the sun to prevarication carbohydrates for their own needs. Most of this energy is processed and dissipated as heat in respiration. After that it converts the remaining energy to biomass, to both woody... ...ny canyons. You cannot tell the difference of these changes when you look at it, but a nether region from there can tell you a lot more, because it show the process. Of course a scientist can tell the changes in a site, but a stones are easier. To us, an abstract way to think about that stone is way deeper than the site. The idea of whole site tends to evaporate. The closer you think youre getting to it and the more you circumscribe it (245). The site is a place where that stone should be but isnt, now the stone is elsewhere, where it cannot evaporate as fast. Now the stone brought back into non-site, where it could be a room. Its regular process will take place outside room. But the room reminds us of the limitations of our condition(245). So, that we understand what process is all about.Work CitedDonald W. Sherburne, Whitehead, Alfred North, in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Robert Audi (ed.), Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1995.Flam, Jack, ed. Robert Smithson The Collect Writing, University of California Press, 1996.Traver. Ancient forests, 1998 online. Greenpeace USA. Internet. 19 Sept. 2002. Available http//greenpeaceusa.com/forests.