The Squid and the Whale (2005) directed by Noah Baumbach case Study

The Squid and the Whale (2005) directed by Noah Baumbach conceptualization - Case Study Example on that point were a lot of emotional changes and the behavior of the family members changed. There was a lot of animosity and anxiety as well as tensions. Whenever there is animosity over a divorce, the family becomes disintegrated and divided. However, this type of stress was managed through non-homogeneous methods that included paying attention to the emotional needs, staying active and fit. The management helped in relieving anger and anxiety and also letting go the problems that were beyond our personal control. The more or less affected people in the family were the children because we had so much attachment to our parents but on learning that was a planned divorce, attitudes and behavior changed.Another strategy was allowing liberty to feel since emotions are normal. Doing things that were emotionally and physically healthy helped us overcome the trauma and lie with of divorce. The most important was avoiding making hasty decisions especially after(prenominal) such a traumatizing experience. When the decision came up, we took time to rethink over and over about the consequences.The social systems possibleness will be appropriate in explaining the divorce to the parents and to the kids as well. The theory postulates that the society is a composition of different systems that are socially brought together. According to the social systems theory, everything that human beings do, and every emotion human beings experience involves a concept. The concept in the theory is the one of doing things with affiliation to a group of some organization in the society. The structure of todays family is in nuclear type that is a system within the main society. The children and parents will be guided to understand that the resources they have is because of the structures in the society.Basing on the theory and what the family was undergoing, the theory was applicable in a way to prevent the destruction of the

Fashion Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fashion Theory - Essay ExampleThe essay Fashion Theory discovers the theory of fashion. Dior, saucy look promoted a fashion that exhibited the beauty of women and matched the political schema of the new world. Hence, the Dior was a successful design that showed relevance and adaptability with the changing social trends. Fashion portent entails embracing changes in the fashion industry. It comprises the contemporary elements of cultural awareness, technology, socio-political reservations and the market structure. Hence, fashion forecasts enhances conformity with the social forces and expectations. The increased number of new-borns triggered the development of the junior market during the fifties era. The increased number of kids created a market gap that facilitated the growth of the junior market. Brand prominence conforms to the Thorsten Veblen theory. Both concepts ostensible rights and qualities. Therefore, they encompass high-quality products that appeal to nature. The models also hap high demand and expensive products. Sumptuary laws work to minimize extravagance by reproving luxury. Therefore, the decree works towards creating a balance between disbursement and priority of needs. Maslow hierarchy presents human beings priority requirements in a pattern similar to a pyramid. It prioritizes the needs according to the urgency of option. According to the pattern, the necessities facilitate survival and determines the relationship, for instance, food, water, safety and shelter. The costume offers the development.

Porters 5 Forces Essay Example for Free

Porters 5 Forces Essay1) New Business / affright of New Entrants Changing Conditions in PESTEL, Product, Service differences, brand identity, chafe to distribution, necessary resources, learning curve, inertia of existing markets. Expected retaliation, switching requirements, scale economics and experiences. Capital requirements.Example Upcoming smartphone make don as the OnePlus One from a completely new firm. Cheaper than other firms such as Samsung, Apple and HTC but the quality is just as good, if not better. http//www.cnet.com//oneplus-one-to-hit-general/2 + 3) Bargaining Power of Suppliers and Customers dumbness Number of Buyers, Switching costs esp Relationships, Control of information, Forward and backward integration, threat of Vertical integration, avail cleverness of substitutes. Importance to others performance. Brand identity, marketing and purchasing incentives. Alliances, relationships and expectations.The ability of suppliers to change the firms performance. Eg Samsung has increased costs now that their suppliers went on strike. http//www.clb.org.hk//workers-samsung-supplier-chinaLikewise the same thing refers to consumers, but I cant of an example off the top of my head.4) Threat of SubstitutesSideways competition, Comparative price/performance, backing by rich competitor. Comparative technological life cycle. Benefits no product features.Theres tons of substitute products in the smartphone effort of all ranges in price and quality, so that one is self explanatory.5) Rivalry amongst CompetitorsAside from the other four forces, the nature of rivals also determine the enthusiasm and point in time of rivalry. Competitors with different values, vision,mission, strategy and operational effectiveness, combined with different perceptions and abilities of their senior managers will influence not only the degree of competition but also its patterns.The intensity of competition is also elevated when there are severally equally strong players such as Samsung vs Apple Few chances for differentiation They all know whats coming up and they all copy each other. Galaxy Gear, Moto 360, Apple iWatch (Rumored)

A View From A Bridge Essay Example for Free

A View From A B disengagege Es advanceHow does Arthur Millers portrayal of attitudes to family and law in spite of appearance A View From A Bridge cause conflict throughout the whole of the adopt? By Francesca Jastrzebska A View From A Bridge is the story of a Sicilian family, who are trying to make a better life for themselves in America. Throughout the play Arthur Miller shows his portrayal of attitudes to family and law by basing the characters on real life people / Storys he has been told by friends and family. By focusing on the different characters I will explore a image of issues such as moments of conflict mingled with the characters in the play and the consequence the characters actions let on every iodin else. As Eddie views are the ones that cause the most conflict in the play I will start with him. The first conflict in the play is in the first act when Eddie comes linchpin from work and Catherine is wearing a new skirt and has her hair done differently. Eddie notices and asks her were she is going all dressed up Where you goin all dressed up? Catherine leads Eddie over to the armchair in a agreeable kind of way and sits him down. As she sits on her heels Eddie makes a comment about her skirt being to short. I think its too short, aint it. This creates tenseness between the both of them. The tension builds as she argues with him over the skirt and Louis who she was waving to from the window. The skirt and high heels represent the fact that Catherine is growing up and is becoming more feminine. The cause of this tension is the fact that Catherine is growing up and there is nothing Eddie can do to stop her.Later on when the Carbone family are sitting down for dinner Beatrice and Catherine say they have some good news to tell Eddie. Catherine has a job. Eddie however does not think of this as good news as she will be earning her own money and it is a job of her choice. It is another thing that shows that Catherine is growing up. He beli eves that growing up would involve her moving away and coming back home less and less. Whats the high heels for Garbo?.. Do you me a favour will you? Go ahead. This I believe is the next scene that causes tension between Catherine and Eddie.When Eddie says this it makes Catherine untune and angry that Eddie could make her feel so small in front of the new residents of da house. She perplexs up giving Eddie a cold look consequently goes back to what she was doing. Eddie does this to show that he is the man of the house and the people living in it must follow his instructions and commands. When Catherine and Eddie come back late from the cinema, Eddie is foreign waiting for them to come home. Beatrice comes out and talks to him about Catherine and Rodolfos relationship.She calls him jealous but trys to cover up the fact that she thinks that it is true she smiles jokingly. (Smiling) Ah, go on, youre just jealous. This causes tension between the husband and wife, as Beatrice beli eves that its time for Catherine to grow up and she cant do that with Eddie standing over her also that it is her life and if she is making a erroneousness its her mistake and she needs to learn from it. Later on Beatrice admits that Catherine and Rodolfos relationship is not her only worry. When am I going to be a wife again, Eddie? Eddie says its because he hasnt been signature well and that the brothers, Marco and Rodolfo, being here bothers him. Beatrice argues that they have only been there for a couple of weeks and hes been like he has for three months. The stage direction before he answers shows that he doesnt want to actually no what is troubling her, as it might make him look less of a man. The next part in the play that causes conflict is when Eddie starts showing Rodolfo how to box. This makes Marco feel uneasy.As Catherine come back into the room eddies tells Rodolfo that he is going to hit him Now Im going to hit you, so occlusion me, see this alarms Catherine seeing the two men in her life that she loves boxing. Eddie punches Rodolfo and he staggers. Marco is the only one that knows eddies hidden agenda. Rodolfo then shows that he may not of been the furthermost one to throw a punch but he still got Catherine by dancing with her. Marco then shows Eddie that he is stronger by lifting up the chair with his one hand. This creates tension by themAct 2 is the final act were all the characters are involved in upsetting Eddie which leaves him with only one solution, to get rid of the brothers. Act two starts with Catherine and Rodolfo talking about getting married and going to live in Italy. Rodolfo believes that living there they will be poor and that they would have a better life in America. How can I bring you from a rich country to suffer in a poor country. They afterward go into the bedrooms. Unfortunately for them Eddie comes home drunk. Catherine hears him shouting and comes out adjusting her dress.Eddies thinks nothing of it at first but then Rodolfo come out and stands behind her in the doorway. Eddie goes imbalanced and starts shouting at Rodolfo to get out. The causes conflict because Eddie loves Catherine and doesnt want her to be with another man, especially Rodolfo as he makes dresses, cooks and sings. Eddie believes he goes against all the male roles and is too feminine. As Eddie is shouting at Rodolfo Catherine decides it time to grow up and tells Eddie she is leaving. She tells him shes not going to be a baby anymore and he pulls her close and kisses her while she tries to get free of his grip.Rodolfo gets involved and tells Eddie to get off of her and show some respect. This makes Eddie angry, as he should be telling them what to do and that they should show respect. When Marco is trying to get adhesiveness he has to promise not to hurt Eddie if he gets out. Marco says in his country Eddie would be dead by now in my country he would be dead now, he would not live this long Hes talking about the Sicilian way of life, the laws of Omerta. Promising not to kill Eddie would be dishonourable. Marco finally promises Alfieri, ashamed, that he wont touch Eddie. When Marco turns up at eddies house he is shouting his boot.Eddie believes that he has come to apologies and give his good name back. Now give me my name and we go together to the wedding. This ends in a fight between Eddie and Marco and Eddie dies. Throughout the play Arthur miller shoes his portrayal of laws and family throughout the characters actions. Each character represents something, for precedent Eddie represents an over protective father and Catherine represents a little girl. They cause conflict because as Catherine grows up Eddie needs to change his ways of controlling Catherine, as she is not little anymore and can make her own choices and decisions.

Cash Flows Essay Example for Free

notes Flows EssayThe statement of cash flows reports the cash receipts, cash payments, and net change in cash resulting from operating, investing, and financing activities during a level (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 614). Companies are required to prepare a statement of cash flow because it contains important information about the company that deems useful for external sources, such as investors, to make educated decisions about a company. The information contained in the cash flow, such as the companys ability to generate cash and jar against obligations, assists creditors and investors to determine the adequate decision regarding extending credit or investing. The statement of cash flows is divided into three sections Operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities (Weygandt, et al, 2010). Each of these sections have think over their own characteristics of transactions and other events. First, operating activities include transactions that creat e revenues and expenses these are included in the determination of net income (Weygandt, et al, 2010).Second, investing activities has two purposes includes the eruditeness and disposing of investments and property, plant, and equipment, and lending money and collecting the loans (Weygandt, et al, 2010). Third, financing activities include two purposes obtaining cash from issuing debt and repaying the amounts borrowed, and obtaining cash from stockholders, repurchasing shares, and paying dividends (Weygandt, et al, 2010, p. 615). Operating activities, which include income statement items are Cash inflows from sale of goods and services, and from interest received from dividends received Cash outflows to suppliers for inventory, employees for services, and others for expenses (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 616). Investing activities investments and long-term assets Cash inflows from sale of property, plant, and equipment, and collections on loans to other entities Cash outf lows to purchase property, plant, and equipment, purchase investments in debt, and making loans to other entities (Weygandt,Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 616). Financing activities involves long-term liabilities and stockholders equity Cash inflows from sale of common stock, and from issuance of long-term debt Cash outflows to stockholders as dividends, and to redeem long-term debt or reacquire capital stock (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 616).ReferencesWeygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2010). Financial accounting (7th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Benefits Of Using Gis In Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Benefits Of Using Gis In Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay self-coloured bollocks focus involves a number of stages starting from the choice of sites for landfill, gathering, transportation and disposal of the significantity ache. Both economic and environmental planners are concerned with the move up of cost effective and environmentally friendly organizations for fast(a) wastefulness counseling. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a dick that can provide spacial and non spatial discip disceptation for urban home naturalise and guidance. This wall musical composition foc practice sessions on the application of GIS as a plan and selective teaching collection tool in hale Waste Management and analyses to what extent GIS is creation employ in solid waste pick offment by the local authorities in Mauritius and withal identifies the barriers to the neat use of GIS in this sector. A GIS poseur for the Grand Port-Savanne soil Council (GPSVDC) a loc al authority in Mauritius is produced utilize ArcGIS software and this can be use as a finis support tool in planning waste collection and disposal.The Republic of Mauritius is a small island developing state (SIDS), set(p) at 800 km off the East coast of Madagascar at longitude 58 East and latitude 20 South in the Indian Ocean with a total surface area of 1870 km. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of Cargados Carajos, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. The main island of Mauritius has a population of around 1.28 million inhabitants. The rapid industrialization and urbanisation during the past decade harbour led to changing production and consumption patterns that continue to present new demands for natural resources and create new waste streams. It is judge that solid waste produced in Mauritius is about 380,000 tons a year (or 1,200 tons per day) and is expected to reach 418,000 tonnes in 2014. The present strategy of disposing wastesat thelandfill and/or downing sites will in the long-run be no longer sustainable or appropriate with the rapid increase in waste generation, sc runity of appropriate landfill sites and the density of human settlement. The development of an integrated solid waste management strategy is among the priorities identified in the National Environmental Strategies to reduce proximo costs from environment degradation. Governments policy is to promote waste reduction, minimize its generation, encourage the adoption of environmentally sound methods of resource recovery and modernize the institutional and jural framework for the entire logistical chain collection, storage, transfer and disposal and introduce a cost recovery mechanism.There has been awareness regarding waste management amongst many countries. There has been development of new technologies for improving the waste management clays. GIS is unity of the new technologies which have contributed a lot in very less clock span to t he waste management society. (Moiz Ahmed Shaikh, 2006)This paper analyses the benefits of victimisation GIS as a tool in solid waste management and makes an assessment of how far GIS is being used by the local authorities in Mauritius and identifies the barriers to the use of GIS in solid waste management in Mauritius. A GIS model for the Grand Port-Savanne territorial dominion Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius is produced using ArcGIS software and this can be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal.SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MAURITIUSSolid Waste Management in Mauritius falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of local Government and Outer Islands. The main island of Mauritius has five municipal Councils namely (i) Port Louis, (ii) Beau Bassin/Rose Hill, (iii) Quatre Bornes , (iv) Vacoas/Phoenix and (v) Curepipe. There are also four partition Councils namely (i) Pamplemousses/Rivire du Rempart, (ii) Moka-Flacq, (iii) Grand Por t-Savanne and (iv) B wishing River. Solid waste collection and disposal is undertaken by these local authorities in areas under their jurisdiction and is addicted of at the Mare Chicose landfill via a ne iirk of transfer stations situated in St Martin, Roche Bois, Poudre DOr and La Brasserie. Waste collection and disposal is also carried out by private companies on contract basis. The only landfill on the island is at Mare Chicose which is managed by a private contractor. With the increase in waste production the animateness span of the landfill is going on decreasing and soon in that location will be a need to increase the capacity of the landfill or to find some other locality to set up a second landfill.The daily management of waste collection and disposal activities is carried out by officers of the Health Department of the Municipal Councils and the District Councils.1.3 What is GIS?GIS is a computing device outline for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulati ng, analyzing and displaying information related to positions on the Earths surface. Typically, a Geographical Information System is used for handling maps of one manakin or another. These might be represented as several different layers where each layer holds info about a particular kind of feature. each(prenominal) feature is linked to a position on the graphical image on a map and a record in an attribute table. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize info in many shipway that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your information in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information constitution framework.1.4 Uses of GIS in Solid Waste ManagementSolid waste management comprises several phases, starting from the stage where the waste is generated till it reac hes its final destination or at a stage where it is no much a threat to the environment. It is observed that solid waste management can be bifurcated into mainly two phases. One is the waste management in the area where it is generated and second is the management of waste at dumping grounds. (Moiz Ahmed Shaikh, 2006). The development of Geographic Information System (GIS) and its use by means ofout the world has contributed a lot in improving waste management systems. GIS helps to manipulate info in the computer to simulate alternatives and to take the near effective decisions. GIS can add value to waste management applications by providing outputs for decision support and compendium in a wide spectrum of projects such as route planning for waste collection, site selection exercises for transfer stations, landfills or waste collection points. GIS provides a flexible platform which integrates and analyses maps and waste management databases.GIS allows us to create and store as many layers of data or maps as we want and provides various possibilities to integrate tremendous amounts of data and map overlays into a undivided output to aid in decision making (Chang et al. 1997).The changing production and consumption patterns have caused a rise in the volume of solid waste putting considerable pressure on Governments in dealing with the increased waste generation. It implies that local authorities will require huge capital investments and operational strategies for collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste. Delimiting factors such as limited financial resources have made it imperative to replace existing ad hoc methods employed in solid waste management and planning (Vijay et al. 2008).Sarptas et al. (2005) studied the use GIS in solid waste management in coastal areas as a decision support system with a case breeding on landfill site selection. The results of the deliberate are that GIS is becoming a powerful tool in SWM. except there are still some drawbacks and deficiencies in applying the method extensively. For example, it is not applied in solid waste generation studies because large fluctuations in solid waste generation by time and space and the dynamic disposition of urban areas generate several difficulties in determining the current solid waste generation patterns. In the early period of GIS technology, from the 1980s to the early 1990s, GIS software was capable of executing only basic geographicalal operations. These capabilities of GIS software limited the drug user to only basic tasks such as exclusion and allowed them to determine only alternative landfill sites in landfill siting applications. Advances in information technology and increasing access to computer systems by decision makers have improved the reclaimableness of computer models and computer aided technologies in DSS in the last decade. One of the typical examples is the SWM systems. The GIS models do not only support the decision proced ure but also facilitate the communication and mutual understanding surrounded by decision maker and the people, because the implications of a SWM fast affects the society. However, the basic limitations in the use of GIS in SWM is the data availability. Because, especially in developing countries the available data are very scarce and access to the data is very poor and tiring. In addition, the existing data are not reliable, not collected, stored and disseminated systematically. More comprehensive researches and more efforts on data gathering to assemble the needs of GIS models are recommended.Since routing models make extensive use of spatial data, GIS can provide effective handling, displaying and manipulation of such geographical and spatial information. For example, Ghose et al. (2006) proposed a model for the system of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collection that provides planning for distribution of collection bins, load balancing of vehicles and generation of optimal rout ing based on GIS. check to Reddy et al. (2007), traditional and static entreees are no longer adequate for analyzing network flows and conducting minimum cost routing. Reddy et al. attempted to develop a decision support system for generating an optimum route for solid waste disposal in Hyderabad City and hence to reduce the distance ran by the collection vehicle using GIS. GIS tool provides an effective decision support by dint of its database management capabilities, graphical user interfaces and cartographic visualization. The system developed by Reddy et al. used the Network Analyst staff available in Arcview, which is a path-finding program used to model the movement of resources between two points or more.Chatila (2008) developed a GIS system for natural resources management and recycle of solid waste in the village of Marjeyoun in Southern Lebanon. A GIS map was prepared to serve as a zone management plan along with an environmental assessment that identifies cumulative pr essures and impacts of some human activities on the village and the environment. A recycling program was developed based on solid waste sampling and analysis of collection systems.In a study carried out by Bergeron et al. (2010), 3D visualization and GIS were used to produce a digital city model for the Star City, West Virginia to allow giving medication officials and managers to manage assets and perform day-to-day operations, develop sustainable planning initiatives, and management of solid waste assets and facilities, planning for solid waste and recycling facilities and drop-offs, mapping and planning efficient waste hauler routes and identifying issues such a underserved populations and illegal dumping. However, building and using a GIS requires expert knowledge, and can often foil such systems from being used to their full capability by local officials. In addition, local government is often comprised of mature citizens who are committed to serving their community but may b e wary of new technologies that are unfamiliar to them.1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe aim of this paper is to analyse the extent to which GIS is being used in waste management by the local authorities in Mauritius, to identify barriers to proper use of GIS in solid waste management and to assess to what extent GIS affects sustainable waste management as a decision support tool in planning waste collection, recycling, waste segregation and disposal in order to create cost-effective systems. Finally a model will be proposed for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius using ArcGIS software that could be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal. The model produced will be used to store information regarding the existing collection routes, land use data, population data etc and data regarding the volume of waste produced. Based on these information decisions appropriate decisions can be taken to improve the existing sol id waste management system and also predictions can be made for future plans.Hence, in short the aims of this project are mainly as followsTo identify to what extent GIS is being used in waste management in Mauritius.To identify barriers to proper use of GIS in waste management.To assess to what extent GIS affects sustainable waste management as a decision support tool in planning waste collection, recycling, waste segregation and disposalTo run out a case study for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius in order to produce a database for decision making.The paper will also carry out a literature study of some examples of GIS work for waste management. The study will include a discussion and a critical analysis of the models. The analysis of these studies will allow us to learn about the usefulness of GIS as a tool is solid waste waste management and these may be developed for Mauritius in the context of creating an Integrated Solid Waste Ma nagement Plan.Further to literature review, a number of hypotheses have been designed and have been described brieflyGIS and Social DevelopmentH1 There is a significant link between GIS and Social Development.H0 There is no significant link between GIS and Social Development.GIS and stinting DevelopmentH1 There is a significant link between GIS and Economic Development.H0 There is no significant link between GIS and Economic Development.GIS and Environmental DevelopmentH1 There is a significant link between GIS and Environmental Development.H0 There is no significant link between GIS and Environmental Development.To discover these aims, a logical step has been carried out to complete this project. The structure of the research gives an idea of the issues covered in this project.1.6 MethodologyIn order to analyse the usual waste management situation in the local authorities (Municipalities and District Councils) in Mauritius, a scientific approach was implemented to gather primary information which comprises of different steps. These steps are as follows shade 1 The target group was identified. 30 officers working in the Local Authorities were interviewed. Alongside, a questionnaire vide appendix 1, was designed to retrieve information from the respondents.Step 2 The 30 officers were interviewed and the questionnaire was used as a guide to ensure proper flow of questions. However, much dialect was put in open ended questions so as to get maximum information concerning their point of view relating to the present waste management system.Step 3 The data collected was analyzed using SPSS and Excel whereby results were shown on a initial instance in terms of descriptive statistics being line charts, bar charts and in terms inferential statistics being correlation, cross tabulation.Step 4 A list of recommendations and suggestions are given regarding the use of GIS in solid waste management in Mauritius and how they it can help in sustainable waste management. As well as, what can be done to mitigate the barriers that prevent the proper use of GIS.Chapter 2GIS Model Analysis2.1 Model 1This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, A case study of enkindle savings through with(predicate) optimisation of MSW transportation routes written by Gilberto Tavares, Zdena Zsigraiova, Viriato Semiao, Maria da Graa Carvalho create in 2008 in the Journal Management of Environmental Quality, Volume 19 Issue 4.At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work.2.1.1 Waste management background in Cape VerdeThis study has been carried out for Cape Verde where the demographic growth, tourism and other economic activities are putting enormous pressure on government. There is still evident lack of development plans, the existing waste management being rather poor and characterized by inefficient collection systems. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008)Besides, the negative impact of untreated waste on public health and on public concern, which focused the attention of engineers and scientists on the quest for waste management solutions viewing the prevention of unwanted environmental effects, deliverance plays also an important role on this activity. In fact, collection and transportation of waste can absorb as much as 75 per centime of the municipalities MSWM budget that are usually the institutions responsible for such activities. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008)One of the heavy costs present in MSWM systems is the fuel price and its consumption is inevitably associated with undesired pollutants emissions. Therefore, the minimisation of fuel consumption to perform waste collection and transportation to its treatment or final disposal brings enormous savings and environmental benefits.2.1.2 GIS approachThe methodology used comprised of three phases.Phase 1 The model of the terrain and the thoroughfare networkA 3D model of the entire island of Santo Antao, Cape Verde was produced based on a digitised map provided in CAD files . The 3D model is generated as polylines based on contour lines that reflect the actual relief of the terrain. Using ArcGIS 3D Analyst, the 3D road network is then generated from both the 2D road network and the terrain model complying with the road gradients. This methodology makes possible the generation of road networks in the appropriate form allowing for the calculation of all inclinations of each road segment, which permits to determine the fuel consumption for both road directions (uphill and downhill). The 3D digital model and the road network obtained allows the large variability of the relief to be observed.Phase 2 Calculation of actual fuel consumptionFuel consumption during waste collection and transportation is influenced by the travelled distance and by the actual operation conditions of a given vehicle. These effects are incorporated in the model through the methodology established by Ntziachristos and Samaras (2000) in COPERT, which is a computer programme to calcul ate emissions from transport vehicles on road. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008)Besides considering specific vehicle parameters, the methodology also takes into account different driving conditions, namely the type of the driving situation, the vehicle load and the road gradient. The gradient of a road increases, when positive, or decreases, when negative, the resistance of a vehicle to traction. Therefore, and because of their large masses, the power employed during the driving is the decisive parameter for the fuel consumption. Once calculated, the fuel consumption value for each route arc is stored in the spatial data base to be used later during the route solver procedure that searches for the route with minimum fuel consumption.Phase 3 Optimisation of vehicle routingThe efficiency of a management system that is able to solve problems related to vehicles circulation in road networks can be measured through its capacity to obtain optimised routes. For a system of MSW transportation, this consists of generating an optimal route for a given vehicle so that the value of the selected cost criterion is minimised.For the calculation of the optimal routing, the model used herein makes recourse to ESRIs programs ArcGIS, ArcInfo and Network Analyst extension, and it finds the minimum defined impedance path through a network. In order to equal solutions and clarify the potential of the present methodology, the routes are optimised regarding either the lowest fuel consumption or the shortest distance.FindingsThe findings of the study showed that the optimisation for the lowest fuel consumption yields 52 per cent savings in fuel, when compared to that for the shortest distance, even travelling a 34 percent longer distance, which shows the importance of considering simultaneously the relief of the territory and the lowest fuel consumption criterion when optimising vehicle routes.2.1.3 Critical viewsWith such a supporting decision tool savings in fuel are huge, the efficiency o f management systems is improved and the environmental impact during daily operation is reduced. The GIS 3D route modelling takes into account the effects of both the road inclination and the vehicle load. The originality of the work lies in the chosen approach. To optimize vehicle routes the criterion of minimum fuel consumption rather than the commonly used shortest distance is used, since fuel consumption is the factor reflecting actual costs relative to MSW management.2.2 Model 2This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, A GIS Approach to Waste Management and Recycling in New York State. write by Ghaly, Ashraf and published in 2009 in the journal Proceedings of the International Conference on Waste Technology Management, p1140-1150.At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work.2.2.1 Purpose of the studySolid waste and recycling programs requires management of large databases including collection data, transfer, treat, disposal, export, impor t, and future planning. The body of information involved in the decision making process is too challenging to effectively mange due to the many components it contains. A GIS approach takes advantage of the spatial nature of data presentation to illustrate the areas of strength in the system and to identify the areas in need for improvement. Such a system is not only useful to managers and state officials but it also is easier for the public to comprehend and appreciate. GIS also makes it easier to measure success and detect trends, which netly help improve the system to better manage collection, sorting, and recycling facilities. (Ghaly A., 2009)The existing recycling programs are put in place to reduce the use of virgin materials from forests, energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and water system pollution. These programs ultimate goal is to promote conservation and to encourage the members of the public to be active participants in this effort. This paper uses GIS to demonstrate, using maps, the current state of waste management and recycling efforts, future plans, and methods of measuring successacross geographic boundaries. The paper concludes that a spatially-based management systemoffers advantages, which makes it superior to non-spatial systems.Data CollectionThis paper uses data published by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) for all the counties in the state to study the efficiency of the existing recycling programs and to find ways to optimize the use of landfills. This analysis is done for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), industrial waste, demolition and construction debris, and for waste exported out of the state to neighboring spousal relationship East states.For better management of solid waste in the state of New York, the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) maintains a comprehensive database on waste composition, pattern of waste generation, and methods of disposal. The success of this oper ation depends on the quality and accuracy of data collected. This data helps in the decision making process regarding the transfer and processing of solid waste, disposal, import/export, recycling, and in making plans for the future.To contribute to these efforts, the Northeast Recycling Council (NERC) developed an Environmental Benefits Calculator which generates estimates of the environmental benefits based on the tonnages of recycled materials. Environmental benefits poetic rhythm involves quantifyingthe reduction in use of virgin materials from forests, oil supplies, and mines reduction in energyconsumption reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and the reduction of water pollution, and conservation of natural resources. These are all goals that DEC is interested in increasing awareness for.Waste management and recycling are impacted by economic and political factors. These factors add a layer of complexity to the data collection process. Some of the concerns related to t hese issues are solid waste migration of recyclables across geographic boundaries, which involve dealing with regulations of various agencies and governments. In addition, the diversity and variety of recyclable materials add to the difficulty of compliance with required transportation methods across boundary lines. cardinal Phase PlanThe DEC developed ambitious plans for data collection and analysis. This plan is made of fourphasesPhase 1 Fill in data gaps by enforcing reporting requirements researching recyclables data available from transfer or disposal facilities and seeking voluntary data from non-regulated recyclers.Phase 2 Validate/improve data by using metrics to compare data from Planning Units and facilities auditing a sampling of annual reports include data source checks at facility inspections and investment funds in electronic reporting mechanisms.Phase 3 Develop State policies to improve recycling by updating regulations to foster increased recycling using permit con ditions to promote best practices involving State agencies/facilities and incorporating these ideas into the State SWM Plan.Phase 4 defecate with Planning Units to grow recycling by establishing more recycling metrics reestablishing State promotion of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) targeting higher recovery for paper and organics and targeting outreach toward specific sectors such as government agencies, schools, and food service.Role of GIS in NYS PlanData is the substance and soul of waste management analysis and future planning. In complying with their reporting requirements, the enormous number of facilities involved in waste management and recycling in NYS delivers tremendous amount of data. With its spatial nature as shown in the above maps, GIS can add a visual dimension to data that is otherwise too complex to comprehend. With more emphasis placed on enhancing reporting to comply with regulations, the bulk of the collected data is expected to increase and become more ela borate. It is believed that GIS with its sensitive spatial techniques can help in the analysis phase and in the decision making process as well.Critical viewsA spatially-based geographic information system (GIS) for data management and analysis seems to be more capable of handling enormous amount of data similar to the volume collected by New York States Department of Environmental Conservation on solid waste and recycling activities in the state. With the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) aiming at improving reporting and analysis for better management, GIS can offer the tool necessary to accomplish these tasks with efficiency and ease.Based on this model, GIS can be used to collect data in respect of the type and volume of recyclable materials around the island of Mauritius. We can thus better plan the collection of recyclable wastes.2.3 Model 3This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, GIS Application in Coordinating Solid Waste Collection The Case of Sinza Neighbourhood in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Written by Alphonce Kyessi and capital of Seychelles Mwakalinga and published in 2009 in the journal FIG Working Week 2009.At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work.In this paper Alphonce Kyessi used GIS in ROUTING EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION IN SINZA A NEIGHBOURHOOD IN DAR ES SALAAM.6.1 localisationSinza A is one of five residential neighbourhoods of Sinza ward in Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam. Accommodation about 5,000 people, the neighbourhood is located about 12 kilometres from the Dar es Salaam city centre. The Kinondoni Municipal Council had contracted private companies and civil societies organisations in the collection of solid waste in residential neighbourhoods. Kimangele Company Limited is one of those private contractors.The routing system for Kimangele Company was studied in detail to assess the solid waste collection efficiency as shown in Figure 5 and 6.Figure 5 Location of Sinza A area for Kimangele ContractorSource Mwakalinga, 2005Kimangele plies from house to house to establish a solid waste collection system known as bring system in Sinza A. The bring system is done in big catchment areas i.e. above 50 metres in radius.Waste generation and collectionSinza A consisted of 876 households (Mwakalinga, 2005). Generally the area generates about 14.5 tonnes of waste per day. The waste composes of plastics, tins, organic food waste, packaging materials, clothes, metals and bottles.Out of the waste generated, the contractor collects 8.4 tonnes from households. The rest most 5.1 tonnes (47.7%) of waste are collected by informal collectors (using wooden carts) to designated collection centres. The rest (about 1 tonne) is haphazardly dumped in rivers, on roads sides, burnt or buried.About 160 households are not members of house to house collection service they prefer using the informal collectors instead of the contractors trucks. When interviewed, these households complained of ineffective collection system by the Contractor. One of the given reasons was that the truck was not following the rout as agreed. Others households said the collection charge of TShs. 2000/= per household was too high. They were ready to commit only TShs. 500/= per house regardless the number households in the house.Figure 6 Collection Systems as applied by Kimangele Company in Sinza ASource Mwakalinga, 2005When the Contractor was interviewed in 2005, he replied that, out of 716 households he was serving only 70% paid the refuse collection charges (Mwakalinga, 2005).According to Figure 8 below, there are some areas where the truck drives twice creating overlaps. Normally, a truck stands at a pick-up point, about 50 meters from the other. In other circumstances, the distance is more than 50 metres, and as a result more waiting time by the truck is needed indicating that the whole system of waste collection was foiled.Work Or ganisationThe collection frequency by Kimangele was done twice a week i.e. Wednesdays and Saturdays. The service starts at 6.30 am to 5.30pm. The truck was making two trips on each day due to the amount of waste generated and the ability of the truck to carry the waste. The route for the first trip starts at Superstar area and ends at Kivulini through Sam Nujoma road to Mtoni kwa Kabuma dump site, about 30 kilometres away (see Figure 7). The route for the second trip passes through Morogoro road via Shekilango road the first point in this trip is Super Star Street ending at caf Latino Street. Thereafter the route enters Sam Nujoma road to the main dump site, Mtoni kwa Kabuma.Figure 7 Existing Route for Kimangele Company in Sinza A Neighbourhood6.4

Social Work Observation Report

Social Work Observation ReportThis essay will demonstrate a clear ground of what the fond work role is by reflecting on my bottoming experience and using this experience to provide a view of the differences amid accessible work and tender cargon.On October the 11th I was suitable to shadow a favorable player on the sensory attend tos team in Gloucestershire, whilst shadowing I was able to observe the societal role player on two home visits. The initiatory visit required the gathering of in bringation from a carer to fill turn place a Carers Emergency Scheme plan. The wink visit involved the completion of a Carers Assessment.Explain the role of the social player observed, the difference in the social work role to that of a care roleThe role of my social worker was to assess the needs of the service users and excessively the needs of their carers. She was also able to give them some equipment such as a day light lamp to enhance the ability to read, however, I was info rmed by the social worker that she was in a different position than most social workers and that the ability to provide specialised equipment is an unusual opportunity for social workers.The role of a carer would contrast from this as a carer would deplete been able to support them with practical help.Skills for Care (2010) stated that Social care work is about helping people with their lives. People who have physical or psychological problems often require practical help coping with the everyday business of life. Social care provides this practical care. (cited in Trevithick, 2012). IFSW (20069) depicts that The verge social workers mends to those workers trained to asses and respond to people with complex personal and social needs. It is a protected title and can only be used to refer to those who are qualified and registered and hold a social work qualification recognised by the General Social Care Council (GSCC) Social workers carry out a variety of tasks, including casework, acting as an advocate, risk assessment and working as a care manager. As a profession, social work promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. (cited in Trevithick, 2012).These two definitions show a clear contrast amidst social care and social work but there is an evident overlap with the two roles, however, the professional accountability and legal requirements of a social worker implies a high importance that these two roles have clear distinctions.Where possible in spots gained into service users and carers experience/perceptions of the service provided by the agencyAt the end of the first visit the lady was unclear on what a she was supposed to do so my social worker sat back down and explained to her that she had nothing to do and that she had nothing to worry about, this comment was repeated by the service user but I believe that this made the service user relax.On my second visit the hu man beings that is caring for his wife got his calendar out to fix a date for the social worker to visit again, he told my social worker that he was busy on the day that she wanted to visit but said he would cancel his plans as he would much rather front her, I found this comment heart-warming. On this visit my social worker was able to provide the lady with a day light lamp to aid her sight when reading, I believe this was a good experience for the service user as she seemed very impressed with the lamp and read us her paper without the use of her magnifying glass. The gentleman also comment a few times about my social worker filling in the forms for him and that he would look at the next form but would wait and let her fill it in whilst she read out the questions, I think this showed that he had confidence in the ability of that social worker and that he trusted her.Discussion points raised about the work of the agency, its legislative and policy contextWhen I spoke to the social worker about legislations and policies I was informed that this was a hard question to answer as there are numerous legislations that have to be consider when working for the sensory team, reciting them in all would not be possible. I was told that the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 was one that could be remembered and then I was offered a printed written matter of their policy that related to assessments. According to Horner (2006) the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 sought to change the balance of care with four cay directions which gave the local authorities the responsibility to make plans to meet the needs identified in partnership with user and carers and to assess the needs of those requesting care. Davis (2012) states within the guide to self-aggrandizing assessment in Gloucestershire that people are put at the middle of the decision making with self-directed support, this allows choice and control over services that are received and who provides it. The carers assessment section seems relevant to my shadowing experience as this is what I observed, this section comments on the opportunity for the carer to give their perspective about the service user, approaching the identification and management of risk positively, procedures of safe guarding are explained and followed if this is an issue, establishing if support is available and would be maintained and an encourage discussion for carers to have a Carers ineluctably Assessment.Outline how the experience links to the Professional Capabilities Framework and Standards of ProficiencyThe social work reform board developed the professional capabilities framework (PCF) to provide foundations for social work education and to support development after qualification. The PCF sets out the capabilities required, at every stage of career, for social workers in England (The college of social work). Social work knowledge, appreciation and abilities are set out within t he standards of proficiency, which was developed by the health and care council alongside the professional liaison group. In addition to this the PCF and the standards of proficiency both describe the expectations of social workers when they reach the end of their training and start practising (Health and care professions council). The shadowing experience links to the PCF as it allowed me to gain a better understanding of the social work role it also enhanced my ability to communicate on a professional level with emails and face to face conversations. This experience would also link to the standards of proficiency due to the knowledge and understanding gained by observing a qualified social worker.ConclusionThere are important differences between social work and social care and it is of high importance that these differences are not overlooked.Service usersPolicies and legislations used within an agency seem complex and numerous however, the policies of a particular area allow thes e complications to be simplifiedPCF and standards of proficiency have many immeasurably positive links to the experience and opportunity to shadow a social worker.