Production of Hydrophobic Bioplastics using Silicon Dioxide

Production of Hy disgracehobic Bio charge plates development ti DioxideABSTRACTSilicon dioxide (SiO2), in addition known as te dioxide, is a chemical compound that comes in unalike devises and has a variety of uses. One form is silicon dioxide gel, which is employ as a desic whoremongert in shoe boxes and bags to dis separatelyow rupturing, and to prevent molds in food products.silica is the main material in our realize be cause it has water- forceling properties and our group planned to attain aquaphobic bio bendables with these properties. The purpose of this plain is to advantage people in many right smarts. One way is the protection for electronic gadgets from water. A nonher method is to speed up the cleaning of food containers. With the aquaphobic properties of our plastic, water has less interlocutor with it do washing containers easier.To test our plastics we produced for aquaphobic properties (or wetability), we use a interrogation method known as the dr op contact method. Twelve pieces of 2cm x 2cm plastic warnings were prep atomic number 18d with 3 pieces per concentration. A graduated dropper was utilise to drop 1mL of water on for any(prenominal) iodin plastic sample over a deal out. The amount of water on the dish reads how much water each plastic sample repels.Our results show that as the concentration of the te dioxide increases, the water repelled decreases.Back undercoat of the piece of workSiO2 is a substance utilize to produce modern plastics. The group came up with an idea of making use of the said substance to produce hydrophobic plastics which could be a bountiful help in latest technology and operable activities in our daily lives. Through this, we could also expand the capability of the atomic number 14 dioxide which may be used also in different ways. question HypothesisIf ti dioxide is added as a material in the yield of plastics, then a more hydrophobic plastic provide be produced.Objectives of t he StudyGeneral ObjectiveThis study was conducted to test the effectiveness of te dioxide in producing hydrophobic plastics.Specific ObjectivesProduce an inexpensive and durable hydrophobic bioplastic material.Test the hydrophobicity of the bioplastic produced using the drop contact testing method.Significance of the StudyThe researchers chose the topic because of the advantages that could be given to us people not merely in our homes but on differently fields of industries by the product. Plastics be widely used all over the world it is the main cerebrate why the researchers would like to introduce new technology in the form of hydrophobic plastics. If the project would be successful, hydrophobic plastics would be a big help in cleaning excavates of plastics. For instances, dusts on plastics could be easily process away by pouring water into the line up of the plastic. Hydrophobic plastics could also be alternative casings to our gadgets and appliances. It could protect ou r modern technologies from water penetration. It would also bet advantages in storing food products in the refrigerator like meats and fishes. The product will also be a good container for soaps, toothbrushes, plates and other household materials. background knowledge and LimitationsThe research shall altogether focus in the ability of plastic to repel water.Other characteristics of a plastic shall be maintained.In the production of the plastic, silicon dioxide will be the only addition to the regular raw materials of the process. check into of Related LiteratureRepellant PlasticsGE accomplished this by modifying a material thats a mainstay of its plastics business. And they took their inspiration from the leaves of the lotus plant, which is by nature super hydrophobic microscopic inspection of lotus leaves reveals their nanocrystalline wax structure. The lotus leaf surface has cells 5-10 micrometers wide, on top of which ar tiny wax crystals that are tens of nanometers wide. On a lotus leaf, water beads reflexion almost like perfect spheres.GE set out to simulate this pattern on the surface of its polycarbonate material, essentially by roughening the surface in a specific way. Tao Deng, materials scientist at GE, is tight-lipped about the process, but says it was done with a chemical treatment of the surface.GE succeeded with its proto graphic symbol last summer, but only began discussing the advance in recent weeks. One of the significant downsides is that the process leaves the plastic opaque, not transparent. That means it would not work for plastic windows or empty food containers. But a lightheaded version is not far off. Thats coming, Deng says.Even getting the opaque versions into real products will mesh well-nigh time. GE estimates it will be at least volt years before commercialization, once the manufacturing issues are resolved. Five years isnt that much time, though about how long it takes for all the ketchup to fell out of todays plastic bottles.Hydrophobic GlassesBalcoNano declared that thither are two categories of what is known in the market as self-cleaning glass. These two categories are glass coated or utilize with deliquescent layer that uses photo catalytic decomposition, and glass coated or apply with a hydrophobic protective diligence.The microscopically rough surface of glass is what hands it hard to clean. Dirt, bacteria and other particles can get deep into the provide that it cannot be outback(a) with any cleaning material.To solve this problem, we can solve the surface of the glass very water repelling or hydrophobic. Applying a hydrophobic coating to the glass gives it a sort of shield. Dirt particles are picked up by water droplets due to the surface created by the hydrophobic coating. This form of glass works in a similar way to Teflon works on a frying pan. It produces a non-stick surface and water will run off of this surface quickly and not streak. The coating or applications o f this type are silica based and create a nano-scale film that covers the microscopic valleys and peaks on the surface of glass. This type of self-clean coating prevents the contamination, dirt and grime from clinging onto the glass or fixing to the surface.There are advantages and prejudices of hydrophobic coated glass. An advantage is that everything that gets put on the glass can be easily removed with water. Dirt, graffiti, and paint can get rinse off with just a splash or two. A disadvantage is that coatings may differ from manufacturer to manufacturer, and that application is not easy. Factory applied coatings, depending on the exact product, have a life span of 3 to 10 years in external conditions. address wise the hydrophobic coatings and applications are commonly about half the cost of the hydrophilic type glasses.Many industries and manufacturers commonly use silica powders alone or in combination with other ingredients. The mineral has moisture absorbing and thickenin g properties. These characteristics retain silica useful in construction materials, cosmetics, and some foods.Silica is one of the most common minerals on the planet. It is a component of sand and quartz glass along with other minerals. Manufacturers obtain ingrained silica by excavation and grind the substance into granules or fine powders. somewhat companies make synthetic substance silica, but both types commonly start with silica sand. Both natural and synthetic silica powders are oftentimes found in non-food products.microscopical diatoms, which are hard-shelled skeletal remains of single celled plants, also contain silicon dioxide. These remains exist in salt and fresh water beds. These types of silica are frequently referred to as amorphous silica. They are frequently ground into granules or a fine powder, sometimes called silica flour. Diatomaceous earth silica may be used in food or non-food products.quartz powders or glass powders are silica sand heated to peak tem peratures and melted. Artisans and manufacturers mold and shape the molten material. When cooled, the substance becomes glass. Paints, plastics, polyvinyl chloride glue, and corrosive resistant coatings all contain silica powders. In some of these products, the silica acts as a thickening or hardening agent.Some cleansers and detergents contain silica powders. The grain mineral scrubs surfaces by means of mechanical abrasion. Silica detergents big businessman be used for washing clothes, dishes, or be found in general pulverise cleaners. Abrasive action is also desired in some toothpastes, which contain diatomaceous earth silica as one of the ingredients. When used in hand cleaners, the abrasive nature of silica may cause rashes or other skin irritations.Silica cosmetics contain the silky evident powder to absorb skin oils. The mineral is thought to be hypoallergenic and some believe the substance reduces the visibility of facial lines and wrinkles. Consumers may purchase silica powders and add the substance to lawns or soil to increase moisture retention. Some believe the powdered form also deters or eliminates insect pests, though inhaling the product may lead to serious lung inflammation or perchance cancer. viands and pharmaceutical industries commonly use silica powders for the minerals ability to absorb up to 50% of its weight in moisture. Food grade, or the diatomaceous earth form of silica powders, is commonly used as an anti-caking agent in coffee creamers, powdered foods, and seasonings. The self-contained gel packs frequently found in medications and over-the-counter supplement bottles usually contain some form of silica.BioplasticsBioplastic isnotmade from petroleum, which is a non-renewable resource. Bioplastics come fromsustainable renewable resources. Corn regrows in a year. They arenon- toxicno harmful toxins will leak into the food compostable. beat out case scenario it ends in a commercial compost facility where it composts, and is use d to feed the soil and grow more plants.Biodegradable Bioplastic takes longer to biodegrade in home composts, where conditions are uncontrolled and are rarely optimal. If it does end up in a landfill it will biodegrade if it is exposed to bacteria, moisture and heat.There are different biodegradable plastics available, each with their own propertiesPLA is made from fermented corn starch, and is a great alternative to conventional petroleum based plastic in many applications. PLA is transparent and heat sensitive to 40 C. Its used on its own, or as a thin sheet over bagasse or cardboard to act as a moisture or grease barrier. It is used to make ourbags, bowls,cupsandlids.CPLA is a combination of PLA, chalk and other biodegradable additives and can withstand temperatures of up to 95C without deforming. It is usually opaque in colour and is used for making our disposabletenderandcoffee cup lids.Definition of TermsFor this research study, one moldiness know and understand the following termsPlastics are one of company of organic compounds made from hydrocarbons, proteins, cellulose, or resins that can be molded, extruded, cast, or otherwise fabricated into various shapes. In this study, we use bioplastics which are just plastics genuine from cornstarch.Hydrophobicity is a characteristic of a material to repel water.Drop contact is a testing method to check into the hydrophobicity of the material. It is done by drop a constant amount of water on a sample material over a dish. The amount of water on the dish shows how much water the sample repels.METHODOLOGYProcedurePreparation of materialsThe researchers disposed(p) the various raw materials that make up the bioplastic powdered silica, starch, vinegar, glycerin and water. triple different 7 cm x 7cm x 1 cm containers were also prepared and were labeled A, B and C. The materials and then placed in different containers, grouped as A for 0% concentration, B for 1% concentration, C for 2% concentration, and D for 3% concentration.Sir Jay1Production of the PlasticThe materials mentioned preceding(prenominal) are mixed then heated until the mixture boils and creates a clear substance. After heating, the mixture is placed on a flat surface depending on the desired thickness. The mixture was set aside to dry until it produced a durable plastic.For the constant group the researchers mixed 48g of cornstarch, 314ml of water, 8ml of vinegar, and another 8ml of glycerin. Thus 330 ml of mixture is produced which is divided into 3 making it one hundred ten ml for each plastic sample. For 1% concentration 3.3 ml of the 330 ml mixture is removed and replaced with 6.3g of powdered SiO2. The 330 ml with 1% concentration is also divided into three making it 110 ml of 1% concentration for each plastic sample. For 2% concentration 6.6 ml of the 330 ml mixture is removed and replaced with 12.6g of powdered SiO2. The 330 ml with 2% concentration is also divided into three making it 110 ml of 1% concentration for each plastic sample. For 3% concentration 9.9 ml of the 330 ml mixture is removed and replaced with 18.9g of powdered SiO2. The 330 ml with 3% concentration is also divided into three making it 110 ml of 1% concentration for each plastic sample.Testing and data GatheringThe produced plastic is tested on its hydrophobic properties by comparing the amount of water repelled by each of the concentrations (using the drop contact testing method). The dimensions of the sample material for each concentration that we used are 2 cm by 2 cm. The statistical test we have selected for this study is one-way ANOVA with Tukeys multiple comparisons test.AnalysisIf the silica-concentrated group shows a noteworthy distinction to the control, we can conclude that SiO2 is effective in making hydrophobic plastic.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTABLE 1 Amount of water repelled by the produced bioplastics with different silica concentrationsReflected in Table 1 the evidence covering variability in the amount of water repelled by the plastics produced using different concentrations of silica. The minimum mean (0.63 mL) is in the control and the maximum (0.78 mL) is shared 2% and 3% concentration.FIGURE 1 Line graph showing the coefficient of correlation between the values of the amount of water repelledThen, the researchers tested the data obtained using one-way ANOVA with Tukeys multiple comparisons test to see if there is a significant difference among the control and independent variables. According to the results of the test, there is a very significant difference (0.0002) on 0% vs 1% and extremely significant differences on 0% vs 2% and 0% vs 3%. However, the 1%, 2% and 3% concentrations show no significant differences when compared with each other. Furthermore, there is positive correlation (0.9012).CONCLUSIONThe purpose of this study is to determine the effect of silicon dioxide (SiO2) powder to the production of hydrophobic bioplastics. According to the results of our experiment , adding silicon dioxide to the contents of a bioplastic evidently makes it more hydrophobic. However, varying the concentration does not affect the hydrophobicity of the plastic.RECOMMENDATIONThe research group recommends adding more variations to the concentrations to give a better comparison of the experiment. Adding more trials to each concentration is also recommended to make the results more accurate. Also, using Tapioca starch is a great alternative for making the bioplastic. Remember to make the right calculations for the concentrations. Maintain the same shape, area, and weight for all trials of the plastic so that the comparison is accurate.BIBLIOGRAPHYBalcoNano. (n.d.). Hydrophobic Glasses. Retrieved from BalcoNano http//www.balconano.com/HydrophobicGlass.aspxCraig Freudenrich, P. (n.d.). How Plastics Work. Retrieved from Howstuffworks http//science.howstuffworks.com/plastic5.htmHall, M. J., Barwick, S. (2013, April 10). What Are the Different Uses of Silica Powders? Ret rieved from wiseGEEK http//www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-uses-of-silica-powders.htmMempro Materials. (n.d.). Silicon Dioxide Nanofiber Materials. Retrieved from Mempro http//mempro.com/products/ceramic-nanofiber-materials/silicon-dioxide-nanofiber-material/Rice University News Release. (2010, September 1). Silicon oxide circuits break barrier. Retrieved from correspondence Nano http//www.understandingnano.com/silicon-oxide-nanowire-memory.htmlTalbot, D. (2006, February 23). Super-Repellent Plastic. Retrieved from MIT Technology Review http//www.technologyreview.com/news/405378/super-repellent-plastic/ http//www.greenhome.co.za/raw-materials/plant-starch/APPENDICESAppendix ATotal Cost of the ProjectTotal project cost 863.00APPENDIX B middling One-Way ANOVA(at = 0.05)APPENDIX CTukeys Multiple Comparisons(at = 0.05)1Sir Jay1revise