'Explore the behavioral and humanistic theory Essay\r'

' cornerst unmatched\r\nThis project, idiom is on the behavioural conjecture and gentlee supposition. My research constructed chiefly on both(prenominal) expressional theorists Burrhus Fredric Skinner and toilette Broadus Watson and two graceate-centred theorists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. In behavioral possibility, the founder of psychogenic behaviourism, John Watson c e very last(predicate) keystoned that inner(a) thinking movement could non be observed; therefore, psychologists should non concentrate on it. An Ameri send step to the foreside psychologist, Burrhus Fredric Skinner tender philosopher behaviorist, inventor, and author, antiophthalmic f functionorlyly- unquestionable the system of Operant conditioning believed we watch ein truthplace new behavior through with(predicate) traditional or operant conditioning and solely behavior is learnt from the environment. One of the early pi nonp atomic number 18ilnessers of gayitarian psychol ogy was Abraham Maslow; he established the power structure levels of require and believed that by achieving the getfully in the correct stage would eachow idiosyncratics to fail self-importance-actualized.\r\nHow incessantly, Carl Rogers a psychologist and father of Client†relate theory felt that in concomitant to Maslow’s hierarchic involves, in straddle for close to angiotensin converting enzyme to pull back self-actualization they need to be in a authoritative environment. Which would go give a agency them with, approval, thought and au indeedticity, and if match little were deprive of practic tout ensembley(prenominal)(prenominal) nourishment in an environment, come upnessy creationybodyalities and kindreds would be un capable-bodied to blossom.\r\n charitable-centred theory\r\n accent of the clement being-centred location is on the self, which interprets into â€Å"you”, and â€Å"your” look of â€Å"your” countenance intercourses. This assessment cl aspirations that you ar permitted to select your bear performance, rather than responding to environ rational stimuli and rein gistrs. such as horizontalts dealing with conceit, self-fulfilment, and take atomic number 18 vital, the chief focus is to enable private teaching. on that point atomic number 18 two major theorists associated with this watch out Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Carl Rogers thumbs that each individual functions from an exceptional manakin of reference in call of grammatical construction self-regard or his or her self- fantasy. As we know, self-concept is single’s own stamp near iodine’s self. Such pictures stem, in actuate, from the cognition of compressed peremptory affection which occurs when individuals, (especially p atomic number 18nts), exhibit arrogant lie with, and conditional constructive affection happens when that love appears just now when certain conditio ns be met.\r\nRogers’s theory solid grounds that mentally wellnessy nation establish merry living to the fullest; hence, they be empathizen as richly functioning individuals. Carl believed that, along with Maslow’s hierarchical involve a harming, complimentsable, and truthful environment has a big part to foregather in developing a individual, and without such commodities in the environment; healthy individualalities and kinds would non be able to aim. Nevertheless(prenominal), Abraham Maslow developed his theory non by perusal mentally aguish patients, (which is where oft psychological noesis derived from), and by take ining healthy, productive, productive individuals lives and c atomic number 18rs. Maslow felt that individuals conduct definite take that nativeiness be met in a hierarchical fashion, from the lowest to highest.\r\nThese comprise f rudimentary postulate, safety involve, love and be needs, handment needs, and ultimat ely, self-actualization, according to Maslow’s pecking baffle of Needs, the needs inseparable(prenominal) be achieve in order. For example, unrivaled would be incompetent of fulfilling their safety needs if their physiological needs atomic number 18 not met. This theory founded upon the companionship that e very(prenominal)one has the prospective to contri consequently f ar to the friendly order and be a appraiseable psyche if his or her needs ar attained.\r\n psych early(a)apeutics\r\n humane psychology introduced in the 1950’s as a movement to train psychology to an projecting of what it fashion to be a mortal. The theory took psychology beyond un cognizant thoughts, beliefs or behavioral responses to stimuli, to a cultivate of consciousness free entrust, timbers, ethical motive and familys with others. humane mental hygiene was initially promoted as a â€Å"third force” in psychotherapy. humane theory seems to entrust some(preno minal) the healer and lymph gland the fortune to focus on what the knob is doing right, as strong as the challenges that he or she whitethorn face. Given the dialect on stirred legitimacy, human-centred psycho healers place a commodious deal of importance on the healer ¬ node human relationship.\r\nOne could argue that humanistic theory undersurface of the inningnot be taken staidly beca custom it is intent on blending the medical and scientific along with philosophy and subjectivity. to that extent, if the APA affirms that, the theory’s focus is â€Å"on deal’s capacity to make quick of scent choices and develop to their maximum potence” (APA.org), it is troublesome to unsex if the critics of the theory stir a valid case. Nevrtheless, added methodologies also identify the consequence on the healer ¬guest relationship, cover the relationship mainly as a federal agency of providing the interposition. In humanistic therapy, the relat ionship is the treatment.\r\nThe Major Concepts of humanist Theory\r\nhumanism came about as a chemical reaction to the theories of psychoanalysis and behaviourism. Humanists felt that focusing on unconscious thoughts in psychoanalysis unheeded the thoughts military man were having and the begins they caused. Unlike behaviourists, humanists felt serviceman have much control over their responses than to simply be a tool to conditioning. These new thinkers center on what it was to be human and the entire spectrum of human feeling.\r\n soft Research and Idiographic Approach\r\n•The humanists believed that statistics and poesy told very little about the human learn and were, therefore, irrelevant as research. The solitary(prenominal) thing that mattered was so-called qualitative research, such as case studies, unstructured inter quite a littles and journal accounts. This also outlines an idiographic overture, or studying individuals. Only by experiencing what it nitty -gritty to be human crowd out the researcher rattling earn what a soul is passing play through. Humanists believed in studying individuals in-depth to deduct the human condition. The Self and congruousness\r\n•Humanists believed that the ultimate aim of human cosmosnesss was to achieve a state of congruousness. This is when the actual self is the same as the appraisall self. They believed in the constant hunt of self- intimacy and self-improvement to achieve this state. All tribe are thought to have inseparable deserving merely by being human. A psyche’s actions whitethorn be verificatory or disallow, merely that does not affect his cost. Holism\r\n•The mortal in humanism is studied as a whole. She is not looked at in separate parts only when is looked at as an entire unit. The theories that came before the humanists focused on the unconscious perspicacity or observable behavior rather than on how a soul thinks and feels. This theory was gro undbreaking for focusing on what it means to be human rather than the scientific, laboratory information that other theories bewilderd. power structure of Needs\r\n•Abraham Maslow was one of the pioneers of the humanist movement. He developed a path vogue of needs that wad must meet in order to achieve self-actualization or congruence. It starts off with the need for sensible things, such as air, food and water. The gain moves on to the need for safety, love and belonging, vanity and indeed knowledge. It ends with the pursuit of aesthetics and thus self-actualization. This is where a person achieves his entire potential. This is a point not m either people ever reach.\r\nFree Will\r\n• pile who believe in free exit believe that humans have the superpower to engage how to live their lives free of all external forces making them chose. Humanists believe that all people have this faculty and provoke exercise it at whatever time. alternatively of believing th at things such as behavioral conditioning or animalistic drives determine our choices, humanists believe that we internally want to choose the coercive path and result do so freely\r\nTheoretical Concepts implicit in(p) humane Theory\r\nThe motif for the exploitation of humanism was a reaction against the vagary of the human as a machine, towards a holistic and inherently optimistic judgement of people. The humanistic or â€Å"third force” perspective is based on the belief that the sources of person-to-person melancholy lie in the conscious mind and gist from cause (George Boeree 1998b). Maslow developed a theory of personal motivation based on the brain of a hierarchy of needs (Noel Sheehy 2004 p163, George Boeree 1998a). At the top of this hierarchy Maslow believed was the possibility of self-actualisation, tho he saw it as a rare achievement reached by merely a very few people, since in his theory all lower-level needs had to be met before self-actualisati on could take place.\r\nMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs\r\nRogers also believed in self-actualisation, but in contrast to Maslow, believed that it was a move force in all humans he saw babies as the take up examples of self-actualisation. This led to the core concept in humanistic theory the Actualising Tendency (Steve Vincent 1999). This is the mark to thrive that is built-in to human beings. This tilt also implies that people are inherently good and healthy this is a given. The ferocity then in humanistic therapies is on the â€Å"potentiality model” of human development rather than the â€Å"deficiency model” of other therapies (Dave Mearns et al. 2000 p33). Rogers proposed that distress is a result of incongruence in the individual (George Boeree 1998b, Brian Thorne 2003 p31).\r\nThe greater the incongruence, the greater the distress. incongruousness is the difference amid the Real Self, which is the you that you loafer become as a result of self-actuali sation, and the rarefied Self, which is the you created by external pressures such as society, family. consequently incongruence is like the tension in an elastic band attaching the two selves the greater the separation the greater the tension. A person has a basic need for ex playacting Regard. However, in society this is make conditional there are kind attitudes that say you are only good if you conform. These Conditions of Worth combine with the in-built need for domineering regard to create conditional optimistic Regard and this shapes the Ideal Self as something other than the Real Self conditions of charge push the holy person self a elbow room from the real self and generate incongruence. In time this force becomes internalised as Conditional Positive Self-Regard so the person generates their own incongruence.\r\nThe aim of therapy is to achieve congruity the situation where Real Self and Ideal Self match or at least decrease incongruence and therefore distress (C arl R. Rogers 1961 p279). This is achieved by building an arbitrary sense impression of self- expense which then gets internalised as Unconditional Positive Self-Regard. In the cure relationship, counsellor and lymph node form a personal relationship rather than a power-based sea captain one and it is the quality of this relationship that is mainstay to success. It is Rogers’ postulate that there are just trine Core Conditions which a healer must achieve for therapy to be effective (Carl R. Rogers et al. 1967 p89). The first off is that the counsellor must be usurp that is, without a front or headmaster mask in the therapeutic relationship and that the counsellor must parting this congruence with the lymph node. Secondly, the counsellor must be empathic towards the knob, that is they make the client’s internal instauration and tin can ploughshare this with the client, but without losing the separation amid the counsellor’s world and the c lient’s. Finally, the counsellor’s suck in of the client must be one of Unconditional Positive Regard, one of accept and prizing the client as a whole, without reservations or judgements.\r\nThere are other forms of humanistic therapy than the Rogerian person-centred approach. Probably the take up cognize is Gestalt therapy, founded by Fritz Perls (Gary Yontef 1993, Frederick S. Perls 1957). This has much in popular with Rogers’ theories in that it focuses on process rather than content, in which counsellor and client share their perception, with the intention of provideing the client to become awake of their internal process, how they are doing it and how they can mixture it. There is a strong emphasis on espousal and self-valuing. One scene of Gestalt theory that is not record in Rogerian theory is the idea of Un fill outed Situations. The idea is that a person’s natural state is one of homeostasis. However, whenever something, such as an up p itting situation, happens to the person, that disturbs the balance. The normal outcome is that the person responds in such a course as to restore the balance or a different balance that accommodates a change. However, if the natural response is interrupted, for example by social pressures not to respond, the person waistcloth out of balance. This is an unfinished situation and Gestalt therapy aims to finish this situation and restore balance again.\r\ncritically Examine the Humanistic Theory\r\nThe humanistic theory has profoundly affected our society. It provided much of the impetus for a broad social movement of the 1960s and 1970s in which m some(prenominal) people searched inward to occur direction and meaning to their lives. It renewed the demode debate about free result and determinism and focused attention on the need to understand the native or conscious experiences of individuals (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). Rogers’s method of therapy, client- relate therapy, mud highly influential. And whitethornbe most grievous of all, humanistic theorists looked restore to psychology the concept of self that center of our conscious experience of being in the world. Yet the very talent of the humanistic discernpoint, its focus on conscious experience, is also its greatest flunk when approached as a scientific endeavor. eventually your conscious experience is known or knowable only to an audience of one you. Yet how can humanistic psychologists ever be certain that they are quantity with any precision the private, internal experience of another(prenominal) person? Humanistic psychologists tycoon answer that we should do our best to study conscious experience scientifically, for to do less is to ignore the very subject matter human experience we endeavor to know.\r\nIndeed, they have been joined by cognitive psychologists in developing methods to study conscious experience, including rating scales and thought diaries that lead people to ma ke public their private experiences to report their thoughts, feelings, and attitudes in systematic ways that can be saloond reliably. Though verbal or written statements of private experiences are a step removed from consciousness itself, they provide a means that scientists can use to study people’s native experiences. Critics also contend that the humanistic approach’s emphasis on self fulfillment may lead some people to become self-indulgent and so absorbed with themselves that they develop a wish of concern for others. Even the concept of self-actualization poses challenges. For one thing, humanistic psychologists consider self-actualization to be a drive that motivates behavior toward higher purposes. Yet how do we know that this drive knows? If self-actualization means different things to different people one person may become self-actualized by pursuing an interest in botany, another by becoming a mean artisan how can we ever measure self-actualization i n a standardized way? To this, humanistic psychologists magnate respond that because people are ridiculous, we should not expect to confine the same standard to different people.\r\nHumanistic Theory Usefulness to care for perpetrate\r\nNurses provide individual care recognizing the holistic needs of the patient. Nurses seek to understand the health needs of the people they expire with but also to change their behaviours, thoughts and feelings to enhance the hit of the person, not only at present moment but also for the future. At times nurses need to provide very basic care for the people they lick with but they are always registerion to develop the person’s business leader to be more than(prenominal) independent in any area of their animation. Nurses can use psychological research and theories to enhance their treat practice, and most nursing practice has a foundation in psychology, sociology or biology. Nursing now has developed its own unique body of kno wledge but other sciences can still enhance nurses’ savvy and practice.\r\nApplying Theories to health care Practice allows ingathering in a positive way for both the client and the nurse. Spontaneity, the importance of emotions and feelings, the right of individuals to make their own choices, and human creativity are the cornerstones of a humanistic approach to cultivation (Rogers, 1994; Snowman & Biehler, 2006). The major contribution that Rogers added to nursing practice is the understandings that each client is a unique individual, so, person-centered approach is practice in nursing. Humanistic theory is especially harmonious with nursing’s focus on caring and patient centeredness an orientation that is increasingly challenged by the emphasis in medicine and health care on science, technology, approach efficiency, for profit medicine, bureaucratic organization, and time pressures. deal the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic perspective is largely a mot ivational theory. From a humanistic perspective, motivation is derived from each person’s needs, subjective feelings about the self, and the desire to assume.\r\nA positive self-concept, and open situations in which people respect individuality and promote freedom of choice. Maslow (1954, 1987), best known for identifying the hierarchy of needs which he says plays an important role in human motivation and nursing care. At the bottom of the hierarchy are physiological needs (food, warmth, sleep); then come safety needs; then the need for belonging and love; wined by self-confidence. At the top of the hierarchy are self-actualization needs (maximizing one’s potential). Additional considerations include cognitive needs (to know and understand) and, for some individuals, aesthetic needs (the desire for beauty). An assumption is that basic-level needs must be met before individuals can be concerned with accomplishment and self actualizing. Thus, clients who are hungry, tired, and in pain give be motivated to get these biological needs met before being interested in learning about their medications, rules for self care, and health education. Besides personal needs, humanists contend that self-concept and self-esteem are necessary considerations in any situation.\r\nThe therapist Carl Rogers (1961, 1994) argued that what people want is unconditional positive self regard (the feeling of being loved without strings attached). It is essential that those in positions of authority convey a essential respect for the people with whom they work. If a health professional is prejudiced against patients, then little will be ameliorate or therapeutic in her relationship with them until she is trustworthyly able to feel respect for the patient as an individual. Rather than acting as an authority, say humanists, the role of any educator or leader is to be a facilitator (Rogers, 1994). Listening rather than lecture is the skill needed. Because the uniqueness of the individual is fundamental to the humanistic perspective much of the learning experience requires a direct relationship.\r\n adept clinical environments, where humanistic principles can be taught through caring, role modeling, small assort discussion, case discussions, attention to self-awareness and feelings, role acting. Humanistic psychology contends that feeling. Humanistic principles have been a cornerstone of self-help groups, wellness programs, and palliative care. Humanistic theory has also been found to be well suited to working with children and four-year-old patients undergoing separation anxiety due to illness, surgery, and recovery (Holyoake,1998) and for working in the areas of mental health and palliative care (Barnard, Hollingum, & Hartfiel, 2006). comparable to psychodynamic theory, a principal emphasis is on the healing nature of the therapeutic relationship (Pearson, 2006) and the need for nursing students and health professionals to grow emotionall y from their healthcare experiences (Block & Billings, 1998).\r\nPrinciples Derived From Humanistic Theory t o change Assess and Plan Care for mentally Ill Client.\r\nSometimes people understand psychosis or schizophrenia to be unrelenting, even with the intervention of psychotherapy. It is contended herein that therapy, and humanistic therapy in particular, can be helpful to the psychotic person individual, but, perhaps, the therapist may have hassle understanding how this approach can be apply to the problems of psychosis. Although it is a prevalent imprint in our society that schizophrenics are not responsive to psychotherapy, it is asserted herein that any therapist can relate in a psychotic individual, and, if therapy is unsuccessful, this failure may stem from the therapist’s qualities kinda of those of the psychotic individual. Carl Rogers created a theory and therapy indicated by the terms â€Å"umanistic theory” and â€Å"person-centered therapyâ₠¬Â. This theoretical perspective postulates many important ideas, and several of these ideas are pertinent to this discussion. The first of these is the idea of â€Å"conditions of worth”, and the idea of â€Å"the actualizing tendency.” Rogers asserts that our society applies to us â€Å"conditions of worth”.\r\nThis means that we must behave in certain ways in order to receive rewards, and receipt of these rewards imply that we are worthy if we behave in ways that are acceptable. As an example, in our society, we are rewarded with money when we do work that is delineate by employment. In terms of the life of a schizophrenic, these conditions of worth are that from which stigmatisation proceeds. The psychotic individuals in our society, without intentionality, do not behave in ways that produce rewards. Perhaps some people believe that schizophrenics are parasites in relation to our society. This estimation of the worth of these individuals serves only to co mpound their suffering. The mentally ill and psychotic individuals, in particular, are destitute in social, personal and financial spheres. Carl Roger’s disapproved of conditions of worth, and, in fact, he believed that human beings and other organisms strive to fulfill their potential. This assay represents what Roger’s termed â€Å"the actualizing tendency” and the â€Å"force of life.” This growth enhancing aspect of life motivates all life forms to develop fully their own potential. Rogers believed that mental illness reflects distortions of the actualizing tendency, based upon faulty conditions of worth. It is acquit that psychotic people deal with negatively skewed conditions of worth. It is an evident reality that the mentally ill could more successfully exist in the world if stigmas were not applied to them.\r\nThe mentally ill engage in self-denigration and self-laceration that terminate in the destruction of selfhood. This psychological viol ence toward the mentally ill is support by non-mentally ill others. The type of self-abuse by psychotic individuals would certainly diminish if the normative dismissal of the mentally ill as worthless is not perpetuated. In spite of a prevalent witness that psychotic individuals are unsuccessful in the context of psychotherapy, Roger’s theory and therapy of compassion cannot be assumed to be unhelpful to the mentally ill. The key theatrical roles of Rogers’ approach to psychotherapy include unconditional positive regard, immaculate empathy and authoritativeness. Unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy and genuineness are considered to be qualities of the therapist enacted in relation to the client in terms of humanistic therapy.\r\nThese qualities are essential to the process of humanistic therapy. In terms of these qualities, unconditional positive regard is a view of a person or client that is accepting and warm, no matter what that person in therapy r eveals in terms of his or her emotional problems or experiences. This means that an individual in the context of humanistic psychotherapy, or in therapy with a humanistic psychologist or therapist, should expect the therapist to be accepting of whatever that individual reveals to the therapist. In this context, the therapist will be accepting and understanding regardless of what one tells the therapist. Accurate empathy is represented as understanding a client from that person’s own perspective. This means that the humanistic psychologist or therapist will be able to perceive you as you perceive yourself, and that he will feel sympathy for you on the basis of the knowledge of your reality. He will know you in terms of knowing your thoughts and feelings toward yourself, and he will feel empathy and compassion for you based on that fact. . As another quality enacted by the humanistic therapist, genuineness is truthfulness in one’s presentation toward the client; it is in tegrity or a self-representation that is real. To be genuine with a client reflects qualities in a therapist that entail more than simply being a therapist. It has to do with being an authentic person with one’s client. Carl Rogers believed that, as a therapist, one could be authentic and deliberate simultaneously.\r\nThis means that the therapist can be a â€Å"real” person, even while he is intentionally saying and doing what is required to help you. The goal of therapy from the humanistic orientation is to allow the client to achieve congruence in term of his real self and his ideal self. This means that what a person is and what he wants to be should become the same as therapy progresses. Self-esteem that is achieved in therapy will allow the client to elevate his sense of what he is, and self-esteem will also lessen his need to be better than what he is. Essentially, as the real self is more accepted by the client, and his raised self-esteem will allow him to be l ess than some kind of â€Å"ideal” self that he feels he is compelled to be. It is the qualities of unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy and genuineness in the humanistic therapist that allow the therapist to assist the client in cultivating congruence betwixt the real self and the ideal self from that client’s perspective. What the schizophrenic experiences can be confusing. It is nominate that most therapists, psychiatrists and clinicians cannot understand the perspectives of the chronically mentally ill. Perhaps if they could understand what it is to feel oneself to be in a solitary prison of one’s skin and a visceral closing off within one’s mind, with hallucinations clamoring, then the clinicians who treat mental illness would be able to better empathize with the mentally ill. The problem with clinicians’ empathy for the mentally ill is that the views of mentally ill people are remote control and unthinkable to them.\r\nPerhaps the solitariness within the minds of schizophrenics is the most painful aspect of being schizophrenics, even while auditory hallucinations can form what seems to be a mental populace. Based upon standards that make them feel inadequate, the mentally ill respond to stigma by internalizing it. If the mentally ill person can achieve the goal of congruence between the real self and the ideal self, their expectations regarding who â€Å"they should be” may be reconciled with an sufferance of â€Å"who they are”. As they lower their high standards regarding who they should be, their acceptance of their real selves may follow naturally. Carl Rogers said, â€Å"As I accept myself as I am, only then can I change.” In humanistic therapy, the therapist can help even a schizophrenic accept who they are by reflecting acceptance of the psychotic individual. This may culminate in curativeness, although perhaps not a complete cure. However, when the schizophrenic becomes more able to accept who they are, they can then change. sociable acceptance is crucial for coping with schizophrenia, and social acceptance leads to self-acceptance by the schizophrenic.\r\nThe accepting therapist can be a key component in reducing the negative consequences of stigma as it has affected the mental ill patient client. This, then, relates to conditions of worth and the actualizing tendency. â€Å"Conditions of worth” affect the mentally ill more severely than other people. Simple acceptance and empathy by a clinician may be curative to some extent, even for the chronically mentally ill. If the schizophrenic individual is released from conditions of worth that are entailed by stigmatization, then perhaps the actualizing tendency would assert itself in them in a positive way, insufficiencying distortion.\r\nIn the tradition of person-centered therapy, the client is allowed to lead the dialogue or the dialogue of the therapy sessions. This is ideal for the psychotic i ndividual, provided he believes he is being perceive by his therapist. Clearly, the therapist’s mind will have to stretch as they seek to understand the client’s subjective perspective. In terms of humanistic therapy, this theory would seem to apply to all individuals, as it is based upon the psychology of all human beings, each uniquely able to benefit from this approach by through the growth potential that is inherent in them. In terms of the amelioration of psychosis by means of this therapy, Rogers offers hope.\r\nBehavioral Treatment Modalities that Evolved from Humanistic Theory\r\nTreatment modalities can be simply defined as methods of treatment. These are ways in which a bushel or an allied health professional would go about treating a condition. The major behavioral treatments in Humanistic Theory are:\r\nClient- come to Therapy\r\nCarl Rogers and his client-centered therapy provide a clear example of the humanistic focus on the therapeutic relationship. Ro gers wrote extensively about the process of fostering a warm and genuine relationship between therapist and client. He particularly noted the importance of empathy, or emotional understanding. Empathy involves putting yourself in soulfulness else’s shoes and conveying your understanding of that person’s feelings and perspectives. The client-centered therapist does not act as an â€Å"expert” who knows more about the client than the client knows about himself or herself. Rather, the therapeutic goal is to share honestly in another human’s experience. Rogers boost self-disclosure on the part of the therapist, intentionally revealing aspects of the therapist’s own, similar feelings and experiences as a way of helping the client.\r\nRogers also felt that client-centered therapists must be able to demonstrate unconditional positive regard for their clients. Unconditional positive regard involves valuing clients for who they are and refraining from jud ging them. Because of this basic respect for the client’s humanity, client-centered therapists head off directing the therapeutic process. match to Rogers, if clients are successful in experiencing and accepting themselves, they will achieve their own resolution to their difficulties. Thus client-centered therapy is nondirective.\r\nGestalt therapy\r\nGestalt therapy is a humanistic form of treatment developed by Perls. Perls viewed life as a series of figure out-ground relationships. For example a picture is hanging on a contend. The picture is a figure and the wall is the back ground. For a healthy person current needs can be perceived clearly in that person’s life, just as figure can be perceived against a distinct ground (background).when current needs are satisfied, they fade into the ground and are reset(p) by new needs, which stand out in their turn and are as recognizable.\r\nPerls believed that mental disorders represent disruptions in these figure-ground relationships. throng who are unaware of their needs or unwilling to accept or express them are avoiding their real inner selves. They lack self awareness and self acceptance, they idolize judgment of others. The technique of role playing that is to act out various roles appoint by the therapist.\r\nTherapies Identified in Humanistic Theory and their Therapeutic Benefits to the Client.\r\nThe Benefits of Humanistic Therapy\r\nApplying Theories to Healthcare Practice allows growth in a positive way for both the client and the nurse. Spontaneity, the importance of emotions and feelings, the right of individuals to make their own choices, and human creativity are the cornerstones of a humanistic approach to learning (Rogers, 1994; Snowman & Biehler, 2006). During humanistic therapy sessions, patients are treated in a personal manner that emphasizes their innate righteousness and potential. The humanistic therapist is encouraged to act in a manner arranged with the themes of unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness, and congruence. In an condition on the website of the Association for Humanistic Psychology, humanistic psychologist Stan Charnofsky described the benefits of humanistic therapy in this manner:\r\n•â€Å"Humanistic therapy has a crucial opportunity to lead our troubled culture back to its own healthy path. More than any other therapy, Humanistic-Existential therapy models democracy. It imposes upon the client least of all. liberty to choose is maximized. We validate our clients’ human potential.\r\nCarl Rogers proposed that therapy could be simpler, warmer and more optimistic than that carried out by behavioral or psychodynamic psychologists. According to Carl Rogers he suggested that clients would be better helped if they were encouraged to focus on their current subjective understanding rather than on some unconscious motive or someone else’s interpretation of the situation. Rogers powerfully believed tha t in order for a client’s condition to improve therapists should be warm, genuine and understanding. The starting point of the Rogerian approach to commission and psychotherapy is best stated by Rogers (1986) himself. â€Å"It is that the individual has within himself or herself abundant resources for self-understanding, for altering his or her self-concept, attitudes and self-directed behavior †and that these resources can be tapped if only a definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes can be provided.” Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. â€Å"As no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves.” (Gross, 1992) Believing strongly that theory should come out of practice, Rogers developed his theory based on his work with emotionally troubled people and claimed that we have a remarkable cap acity for self-healing and personal growth leading towards self-actualization.\r\nHe placed emphasis on the person’s current perception and how we live in the here-and-now. Theory is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as â€Å"the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself”. It consists of all the ideas and values that dispose ‘I’ and ‘me’ and includes perception and valuing of ‘what I am’ and ‘what I can do’. Consequently, the self concept is a central component of our total experience and influences both our perception of the world and perception of oneself. For instance, a fair sex who perceives herself as strong may well behave with confidence and come to see her actions as actions performed by someone who is confident.\r\nThe self-concept does not necessarily always fit with reality, though, and the way we see ourselves may differ greatly from how others see us. For exam ple, a person capability be very interesting to others and yet consider himself to be boring. He settle and values this image he has of himself as a bore and this valuing will be reflected in his self-esteem. The confident woman may have a high self-esteem and the man who sees himself as a bore may have a low self-esteem, presuming that strength/confidence are highly valued and that being boring is not. Person Centered Therapy\r\nPersonal Centered Therapy or client centered therapy.\r\nThe Rogerian client-centered approach puts emphasis on the person coming to form an appropriate understanding of their world and themselves. A person enters person centered therapy in a state of incongruence. It is the role of the therapists to reverse this situation. Rogers (1959) called his therapeutic approach client-centered or person-centered therapy because of the focus on the person’s subjective view of the world. Rogers regarded every one as a â€Å"potentially competent individualà ¢â‚¬Â who could benefit greatly from his form of therapy. The purpose of Roger’s humanistic therapy is to increase a person’s feelings of self-worth, reduce the level of incongruence between the ideal and actual self, and help a person become more of a fully functioning person. Client-centered therapy operates according to one-third basic principles that reflect the attitude of the therapist to the client: 1. The therapist is congruent with the client.\r\n2. The therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard. 3. The therapist shows empathetic understanding to the client. Congruence in Counseling Congruence is also called genuineness. Congruence is the most important attribute in focal point, according to Rogers. This means that, unlike the psychodynamic therapist who generally maintains a ‘blank privacy’ and reveals little of their own personality in therapy, the Rogerian is keen to allow the client to experience them as they really a re. The therapist does not have a façade (like psychoanalysis), that is, the therapist’s internal and external experiences are one in the same. In short, the therapist is authentic. Unconditional Positive Regard\r\nThe coterminous Rogerian core condition is unconditional positive regard. Rogers believed that for people to grow and fulfill their potential it is important that they are valued as themselves. This refers to the therapist’s deep and genuine caring for the client. The therapist may not approve of some of the client’s actions but the therapist does approve of the client. In short, the therapist needs an attitude of â€Å"I’ll accept you as you are.” The person-centered counselor is thus careful to always maintain a positive attitude to the client, even when stimulate by the client’s actions. Empathy is the ability to understand what the client is feeling. This refers to the therapist’s ability to understand sensitively and accurately [but not sympathetically] the client’s experience and feelings in the here-and-now. An important part of the task of the person-centered counselor is to follow precisely what the client is feeling and to communicate to them that the therapist understands what they are feeling.\r\nIn the words of Rogers (1975), accurate empathic understanding is as follows: â€Å"If I am truly open to the way life is experienced by another person…if I can take his or her world into mine, then I peril seeing life in his or her way…and of being changed myself, and we all hold change. Since we all resist change, we tend to view the other person’s world only in our terms, not in his or hers. Then we analyze and evaluate it. We do not understand their world. But, when the therapist does understand how it truly feels to be in another person’s world, without scatty or trying to analyze or judge it, then the therapist and the client can truly blossom and g row in that climate.”\r\nBecause the person-centered counselor places so much emphasis on genuineness and on being led by the client, they do not place the same emphasis on boundaries of time and technique as would a psychodynamic therapist. If they judged it appropriate, a person-centered counselor might diverge considerably from orthodox focus techniques. As Mearns and Thorne (1988) point out, we cannot understand person-centered counseling by its techniques alone. The person-centered counselor has a very positive and optimistic view of human nature. The philosophy that people are essentially good, and that ultimately the individual knows what is right for them, is the essential ingredient of successful person centered therapy as â€Å"all about\r\nloving”.\r\n'